In classical novels, the proportion of works that develop love issues between men and women as events is very large. A group of novels narrated with affection between a man and a woman at the center of the event was set as the category of love novels and studied. One axis of the research is to analyze the female protagonist’s appearance as passive and active, and many studies have been conducted to infer the appearance of women at the time according to the degree of social participation. This study paid attention to the fact that most of the classical novels were written by male authors. Classical novels are a reflection of society, and the image of the female protagonist reflected in the work may be a general image of women of the time captured by the author or a part of it. However, there is a limit as a male writer to describe the appearance of such a female protagonist. Therefore, in this study, the character formation of female protagonists in <Leesaenggyujangjeon>, <Haesaengiwoojeon>, <Choicheokjeon>, and <Joosaengjeon>, which were clearly identified as male writers, was considered. The female character formation in the three works has the image of a woman that men of the time ideally consider, and she has excellent writing skills so that she can relate to the male protagonist, and she is active in advancing the aspect of affection. This can be said to represent the female image of the contemporary society, but it cannot be excluded that it was created probabilistically by the perception of male artists. It is a point that requires careful examination of the fact that the female figure revealed in the work was formed by a male writer to favor the narrative development process.
Abstract During the COVID-19 pandemic, facemasks played a pivotal role in preventing person-person droplet transmission of viral particles. However, prolonged facemask wearing causes skin irritations colloquially referred to as ‘maskne’ (mask + acne), which manifests as acne and contact dermatitis and is mostly caused by pathogenic skin microbes. Previous studies revealed that the putative causal microbes were anaerobic bacteria, but the pathogenesis of facemask-associated skin conditions remains poorly defined. We therefore characterized the role of the facemask-associated skin microbiota in the development of maskne using culture-dependent and -independent methodologies. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the majority of the facemask microbiota were anaerobic bacteria that originated from the skin rather than saliva. Previous work demonstrated direct interaction between pathogenic bacteria and antagonistic strains in the microbiome. We expanded this analysis to include indirect interaction between pathogenic bacteria and other indigenous bacteria classified as either ‘pathogen helper (PH)’ or ‘pathogen inhibitor (PIn)’ strains. In vitro screening of bacteria isolated from facemasks identified both strains that antagonized and promoted pathogen growth. These data were validated using a mouse skin infection model, where we observed attenuation of symptoms following pathogen infection. Moreover, the inhibitor of pathogen helper (IPH) strain, which did not directly attenuate pathogen growth in vitro and in vivo, functioned to suppress symptom development and pathogen growth indirectly through PH inhibitory antibacterial products such as phenyl lactic acid. Taken together, our study is the first to define a mechanism by which indirect microbiota interactions under facemasks can control symptoms of maskne by suppressing a skin pathogen.
본 연구의 목적은 남·여 대학생들에게 줄넘기와 스쿼트 운동을 시행하여 이러한 운동 방법이 순발력과 균형에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다 본 연구의 대상은 대학생 40명으로 이들을 운동 방법에 따라 무작위로 각각 20명 씩 줄넘기 운동군과 스쿼트 운동군으로 설정 후, 4주간 주당 5회 운동을 실시하였다. 측정은 운동 전·후에 순발력으로 서전트 점프와 제자리 멀리뛰기를, 균형능력으로 정적과 동적 균형능력을 측정하였다. 각 측정은 3번씩 실시하여 평균값을 측정치로 하였고, 피로 효과를 방지하기 위하여 각 측정 시 5분의 휴식시간을 가졌다. 순발력과 균형능력의 차이를 알아보기 위하여 대응표본 T-검정을 사용하였다. 스쿼트 운동군에서는 서전트 점프와 정적 균형능력에 유의한 차이를 나타내었고, 줄넘기 운동군에서는 정적 균형능력에서 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, 줄넘기 운동과 스쿼트 운동은 대학생의 순발력과 균형능력 향상에 효과가 있다고 사료된다.
This study aimed to investigate the public’s experience of online reservation of residual COVID-19 vaccines in an additional vaccination program. Online reservation was used to predict the vaccination rate. A sample of 620 participants completed the online survey between July and August 2021. About 38% of the participants made the online reservation. About 91% had a vaccination intention. Online reservations showed significant differences in their distribution according to age group, educational level, past flu shot experience, and COVID-19 vaccination intention. A negative experience was the most common response, which was mostly attributed to the difficulty in making an online reservation due to reservations being full. Positive experiences included updated information and notifications on the residual vaccines available, being able to choose a vaccination clinic, and the ease of making, changing, and canceling a reservation. About 72% reported the positive effect of residual vaccine usage on herd immunity. The results of this study suggest that when developing another online reservation program for vaccination, it is necessary to consider and address the negative experiences of the public with online reservations. The additional vaccinations may have resulted in an increased vaccination rate. Vaccination reservations can be used as an indicator to predict the actual vaccination rate and as a measure of a positive attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination.
Piano teachers tend to approach pedagogy by treating technical studies and repertoire as separate parts of the curriculum, often using etudes by Charles-Louis Hanon, Josef Pischna, and Carl Czerny to build the student's technique. Yet, although these methods are popular, pedagogues disagree about their value. In any case, many pieces suitable for intermediate pianists integrate technique and musicality, such as Friedrich Burgmüller's 25 Etudes, Op. 100, Muzio Clementi's Preludes and Exercises, Op. 43, and Ignaz Moscheles's 24 Etudes, Op. 70. Although these exercises can indeed build technique through intermediate-level recital pieces, many similar piano works from the Russian school are rarely used, and yet they could better serve students who will eventually move on to the advanced Russian piano repertoire. This paper provides a pedagogical guide for introducing technical skills through various levels of the Russian piano repertoire. The guide focuses on technique in the context of musical expression, especially tone production, wrist motion, and finger technique, progressing systematically through elementary, intermediate, and advanced Russian piano pieces, composed in a Romantic style—both elegant and rich with melody and expression. The repertoire used as examples should develop the finger technique as well as the musicality of the student. The examples come from nineteenth-century Russian Piano School composers such as Reinhold Glière, Alexander Goedicke, Samuel Maykapar, Semyon Barmotin, and Anton Arensky.
Developing web-based education sexual and reproductive health (SRH) programs for immigrant women is crucial. This scoping review aims to provide basic data for developing more advanced programs by examining web-based educational program literature. This review considers web-based SRH education programs for adult immigrant women and focuses on their characteristics, instructional strategies, and outcome evaluations. Data will be extracted following the Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) and Kirkpatrick level and summarized to show future-oriented results while documenting web-based approach evidence for educating immigrant women on SRH. It is expected to provide information for web-based education programs to meet the MISP and develop various evaluation methods. As such, the findings can be used to determine the direction and level of SRH education.
While the effects of simulation education and the importance of the clinical reasoning process have been well-reported, an acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) patient-care simulation program has yet to be formulated exclusively for the clinical experience of students. This study developed and subsequently applied a simulation program based on clinical reasoning for AML to improve the learning outcomes and describe the learning experience for nursing students. Following a mixed-methods framework, the program's effects on students' knowledge were quantitatively measured, while their learning experience was qualitatively measured using self-reflection through journal writing. Differences in the pre- and post-scores between the experimental and control groups were statistically significant for theoretical knowledge and clinical performance. In addition, content analysis of both groups' journals revealed three themes: (1) transformation into a self-directed learner for understanding the clinical situation, (2) increased awareness of clinical reasoning ability, and (3) embodiment of the clinical reasoning process. Standardizing the developed program's scenarios prompted the participants' compliance and engagement, and effectively achieved the learning outcomes. This simulation program aided the assessment of nursing intervention's effectiveness and suggested objective criteria according to clinical reasoning. Similar programs involving other clinical cases, not exclusive to leukemia, should be developed and evaluated.
본 연구는 간호학과 신입생을 위한 간호입문교육 콘텐츠를 개발하고, 교과목으로서 적용이 간호학과 신입생의 진로태도성숙과 자기효능감에 미치는 효과를 파악하기 위해 시도되었다. 연구 대상은 K대학교 간호학과 신입생으로 연구 목적을 이해하고 참여하기를 동의한 129명이 참여하였다. 연구 방법은 단일군 사후 사전 실험설계 연구로 수집된 자료는 SPSS 15.0 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였으며, 대상자의 간호입문교육 콘텐츠 적용 전 후의 진로태도성숙과 자기효능감의 차이는 paired t-test로 분석하였다. 또한 진로태도성숙과 자기효능감의 상관관계를 Pearson's correlation으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과 간호입문교육 콘텐츠 적용은 간호학과 신입생의 진로태도성숙(t=2.36, p=.002)과 자기효능감(t=2.92, p=.004)을 상승시켜 주었고, 진로태도성숙과 자기효능감의 상관관계에서는 통계적으로 유의한 강한 양의 상관관계를(r=.609, p<.001) 보였다. 이러한 연구 결과 간호입문교육 콘텐츠를 하나의 교과목으로 이용하여 간호학과 신입생의 학교생활 적응을 돕는 방법으로 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 그리고 ICT를 활용한 다양한 교수학습법과 간호교육 콘텐츠 개발을 제언한다. This study was to develop a introduction program contents for first year nursing students and to verify the effectiveness of the program contents. The effects of introduction program contents for first year nursing students is to identify a career attitude maturity and self-efficacy. The study used a One Group Pre-post Test Design and the surveys were carried out form 5, March to 26, March, 2012. The participants were 129 students of nursing in K university. The data were obtained via questionnaires survey before and after taking the course. The collected data were analyzed by paired t-test using SPSS 15. As a result in analyzing the effect of introduction program contents on career attitude maturity and self-efficacy for first year nursing students, introduction program contents was appeared to influence the self-efficacy. The scores of self-efficacy(t=2.36, p=.002) showed statistically significant improvement after the education. Also there was significant increase in career attitude maturity(t=2.92, p=.004) after the education. The results of this study were the positive effects of introduction program contents on first nursing students' career attitude maturity and self-efficacy. These findings suggest that introduction program contents as a subject would be an efficient way for self-efficacy and career attitude maturity of first year nursing students. and I recommend that various professor teaching method and nursing education contents development with utilizing ICT.
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