To the Editor: In the past decades, there were at least 31.5 million sepsis patients worldwide. Of these patients, 5.3 million sepsis patients face death every year.[1] Studies have shown the mortality from sepsis can be reduced by compliance with the surviving sepsis campaign guidelines (Cssc).[2] Compliance with guidelines depends on the execution of the medical team. We assume that the medical quality of the intensive care unit (QICU) will have an important impact on the Cssc. We designed this experiment to investigate the Cssc and QICU and determine the relationships between the Cssc and QICU in China. The total number of secondary and tertiary hospitals registered in China National Critical Care Quality Control Center (China-NCCQC) was 7525 in 2018. Hospitals with patients of septic shock admitted in ICUs <20/year and incomplete data were excluded from this study. Finally, 1854 hospitals were involved. The data were collected between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2018. The quality indicators of ICUs included deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis rate, unplanned extubation rate, reintubation rate within 48 h, rate of unplanned ICU admission, return rate within 48 h. Each indicator is divided into four grades according to the implementation. Each 25% from bad to good is one level, with 0, 1, 2, or 3 points. According to the scores, they are divided into the lowest group, the lower group, the higher group, and the highest group. The endpoints were the 3-and 6-h Cssc. Monitoring indicators included 3-h Cssc (1. Completion of lactate concentration was determined, 2. Completion of appropriate routine microbiologic cultures [including blood] obtained before starting antimicrobial therapy, 3. Completion of empiric broad-spectrum therapy, 4. Completion of resuscitation with 30 mL/kg crystal liquid) and 6-h Cssc (1. Completion of repeated measurement of lactate levels in patients with initial hyperlactatemia, 2. Completion of resuscitation with vasopressor in patients with mean arterial pressure [MAP] ≤65 mmHg after fluid resuscitation, 3. Completion of central venous pressure [CVP] and central venous oxygen saturation [ScvO2] measured in patients with lactate ≥4 mmol/L). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The trial protocol was approved by the Central Institutional Review Board at Peking Union Medical College Hospital (NO. S-K1297) and individual consent for this retrospective analysis was waived. The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, version 16.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was employed to check whether the data were normally distributed. The results are described as mean ± standard deviation. Comparisons between multiple groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and pairwise comparisons after ANOVA were conducted using the Tukey multiple comparisons test. All of the statistical tests were two-tailed, and a P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The completion of 3-h Cssc is generally higher than the completion of 6-h Cssc. The main constraint on the 6-h Cssc is the completion of CVP and ScvO2 measured in patients with lactate ≥4 mmol/L. In the lower, higher, and highest groups of the DVT prophylaxis rate, the 6-h Cssc, the sub-indicators of 3-h Cssc, and the sub-indicators of 6-h Cssc were significantly higher than those in the lowest group (P < 0.05) [Figure 1A]. In the higher and highest groups of the DVT prophylaxis rate, the sub-indicators of 6-h Cssc were significantly higher than those in the lower group (P < 0.05) [Figure 1A]. In the lower, higher, and highest groups of the unplanned extubation rate, the 6-h Cssc, the sub-indicators of 3-h Cssc, and the sub-indicators of 6-h Cssc were significantly higher than those in the lowest group (P < 0.05) [Figure 1B]. In the lower, higher, and highest groups of the reintubation rate within 48 h, the 6-h Cssc, the sub-indicators of 3-h Cssc, and the sub-indicators of 6-h Cssc were significantly higher than those in the lowest group (P < 0.05) [Figure 1C]. In the highest group of the reintubation rate within 48 h, the sub-indicators of 6-h Cssc were significantly higher than those in the higher group (P < 0.05) [Figure 1C]. In the lower, higher, and highest groups of the rate of unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) admission, the 6-h Cssc and the sub-indicators of 3-h Cssc were significantly higher than those in the lowest group (P < 0.05) [Figure 1D]. In the lower, higher, and highest groups of the rate of unplanned ICU admission, completion of repeated measurement of lactate levels in patients with initial hyperlactatemia and completion of resuscitation with vasopressor in patients with MAP ≤ 65 mmHg after fluid resuscitation were significantly higher than those in the lowest group (P < 0.05) [Figure 1D]. The above results indicated that factors related to 3-and 6-h Cssc include DVT prophylaxis rate, unplanned extubation rate, reintubation rate within 48 h, and rate of unplanned ICU admission. In the lower and higher groups of the return rate within 48 h, 6-h Cssc was significantly higher than in the lowest group of ICU re-admission rates within 48 h (P < 0.05) [Figure 1E]. However, the same phenomenon was not observed in the hour-3 bundle [Figure 1E]. These results indicated that the relationship between Cssc and the return rate within 48 h is uncertain.Figure 1: Correlation between clinical quality control indicators and compliance of surviving sepsis campaign (SSC) guidelines (Cssc). Monitoring indicators included deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis rate, unplanned extubation rate, reintubation rate within 48 h, rate of unplanned ICU admission, return rate within 48 h. Each indicator is divided into four grades according to the implementation. Each 25% from bad to good is one level, with 0, 1, 2, or 3 points. According to the scores, they are divided into the lowest group, the lower group, the higher group, and the highest group. Results are presented as mean ± standard error. ∗ P < 0.05 compared to the lowest group, † P < 0.05 compared to the lower group, ‡ P < 0.05 compared to the higher group. DVT: Deep vein thrombosis; ICU: Intensive care unit.The intrinsic risk of an ICU patient (the underlying disease, pathophysiologic derangements, etc) is added to the extrinsic risk created by the process of care itself. Nearly 20% of medication errors in ICUs are life-threatening, and 40% require treatment.[3] Improving the quality of care given to ICU patients is highly desirable. Since the establishment of China-NCCQC, our center has released Quality Control Requirements for Critical Care Medicine in China (2015). The Quality Improvement of Critical Care Program, led by China-NCCQC, was initiated in 2015. This study is part of the above program. Wang et al[4] found that the Cssc of emergency physicians is often hindered by the doctors' awareness and attitudes. Cssc is related to DVT prophylaxis rate, unplanned extubation rate, reintubation rate within 48 h, and rate of unplanned ICU admission. There are several possible reasons for this phenomenon. First, DVT prophylaxis rate, unplanned extubation rate, reintubation rate within 48 h, and rate of unplanned ICU admission are more relevant to physician decisions than other indicators. Second, from the perspective of QICU, prevention of DVT and implementation of the SSC guideline bundle are both clustered treatments, fully reflecting doctors' awareness and attitudes toward critical care patients, which is likely why 3-and 6-h Cssc and DVT prophylaxis rate have a good consistency. Third, adverse events, such as unplanned extubation rate, reintubation rate within 48 h, and the rate of unplanned ICU admission reflect management ability of ICU.[5] The stronger that the management ability is, the better that the 3- and 6-h Cssc is. The relationship of 3- and 6-h Cssc with ICU re-admission rate within 48 h is uncertain. Compared with other adverse events, factors that cause return within 48 h after transferring out of the ICU might be more complex and occur outside of the ICU. Therefore, it is difficult to effectively manage these factors that cause return within 48 h after transferring out of the ICU. The above phenomenon might be the main reason for the poor test titers of this indicator. In this study, it was found that the groups with the worst scores tended to have the worst bundle compliance compared to other groups, with significant differences, while differences between other groups were often not significant. The reason might be that Cssc has been ahead of the implementation of most quality control indicators due to the universal promotion of the concept of early goal-directed therapy. As a result, the completion of quality control indicators cannot test the differences in Cssc. However, for hospitals where the treatment of sepsis is still not standardized, it is still of great significance to strengthen the construction of QICU. There are some limitations of our study. First, since only one year of data was included in this study, the relationships of QICU on 3- and 6-h Cssc could not be analyzed continuously and dynamically. Second, additional study is needed to determine whether differences in mortality from sepsis might emerge with follow-up beyond 1 year. Funding The study was supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2020YFC0861000) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81801901). Conflicts of interest None.
To analyze the spatial distribution of HIV/AIDS epidemics among injecting drug users(IDUs) in China from 2005 to 2011 and to understand its changing trend.Using data on people living with HIV and AIDS through injecting drug between 2005 and 2011 to analyze the demographic characteristics of injecting drug users. Analysis on spatial correlation (provincial level and country level) and median center of hot spots(country level)were conducted by Arcgis software.Sex ratio (male/female) and registered place ratio(province/other provinces)reduced as time went by, with the ratios in 2011 as 6.75 and 7.01 respectively. Tape ratio of the disease between HIV and AIDS showed an upward trend (Z = 26.880, P < 0.01). Since 2005, the identified numbers of HIV/AIDS and the spatial correlation and hot spots in provincial level had reduced, the numbers of provincial hot spots were two from 2009 to 2011(Sichuan and Yunnan provinces)at the national level. However, the spatial correlation and hot spots at the provincial level had an increasing trend. Between 2005 and 2011, the Western Median Centers of hot spots was located in Xinjiang province while the Southwestern Median Center of hot spots tended to move towards the north.The demographics changes of HIV/AIDS infection among injecting drug users seemed to be regular from 2005 to 2011. Spatial correlation at the provincial level was reducing. However, the spatial correlation and the numbers of hot spots at the country level increased, with hot spots at the country level tended to move from the border areas towards inland.
To investigate the dietary patterns and life-styles of patients with lupus gastrointestinal (GI) involvement and the possible role of diet in the organ-specific involvement of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Methods
Patients with SLE complicated with gastrointestinal involvement (SLE-GI) admitted to the Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), as well as the corresponding healthy people with age- and sex-matched as control from January 2010 to September 2021 were enrolled and matched at a ratio of 1:2. A questionnaire survey was distributed to the patients and healthy controls (HC) to collect dietary and lifestyle information.
Results
The questionnaire survey results showed the SLE-GI group had a higher proportion of vegetarians (p=0.014), traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) (p=0.018) taken, and less in fried/pickled food (p=0.042), dietary supplements (p=0.024) than in the HC group. Ten patients (10/24, 41.7%) in the SLE-GI group and 7 (7/48, 14.6%) in the HC group had reported undergone surgery (p=0.014).
Conclusions
The dietary patterns, life-styles, medication history of SLE-GI patients differed greatly from those of healthy control people. These factors may integrate and contribute to the susceptibility of autoimmunity and the predilection of gastrointestinal involvement in SLE.
Sepsis is a global public health burden. The sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) is the most commonly used scoring system for diagnosing sepsis and assessing severity. Due to the widespread use of endotracheal intubation and sedative medications in sepsis, the accuracy of the Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) is the lowest in SOFA. We designed this multicenter, cross-sectional study to investigate the predictive efficiency of SOFA with or without GCS on ICU mortality in patients with sepsis.
Abstract Background Intestinal perforation often leads to abdominal infection and is one of the main causes of septic shock. Prompt surgical treatment is an important treatment for this disease. We designed this study to investigate the effects of surgical treatment on patients with intestinal perforation complicated with septic shock in China. Methods Tertiary hospitals were enrolled from the China National Critical Care Quality Control Center (China-NCCQC). The data were collected between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2020. Intestinal perforation includes duodenal perforation, jejunal perforation, ileal perforation, colonic perforation, and rectal perforation. Sepsis 3.0 criteria were used for the diagnosis of septic shock. According to the above criteria, 26747 patients from 247915897 patients were selected. After excluding the missing data of gender, age and discharge mode, 24465 patients were remained. Results Patients with intestinal perforation complicated with septic shock in tertiary hospitals in China are more male and older patients. A significant proportion of patients were hospitalized for more than one month. The hospitalization cost per capita of these patients far exceeds the overall hospitalization cost per capita. In the operative group, the hospitalization days were longer. The operative group spent more. However, the incidence of complications was lower in the operative group. Patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) tended to be treated nonoperatively, and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) tended to be treated surgically. 20% of the patients discharged against medical advice, 12% of the patients died. The operative group had a higher rate discharging with medical advice and a lower mortality rate. Conclusions For intestinal perforation complicated with septic shock in tertiary hospitals in China, patients who had surgery stayed longer and cost more. However, the incidence of complications was lower in the patients who had surgery. At the same time, the rate of discharging with medical advice was higher and the mortality rate was lower in the patients who had surgery.
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