The Fe–N–C-based carbon materials, which are generally formed by high-temperature annealing, have been highlighted as a promising alternative to expensive Pt electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. However, the delicate formation of active sites remains an issue because of decomposition and transformation of the macrocycle during heat treatment. Accordingly, we developed a low-temperature and gram-scale approach to synthesizing iron phthalocyanine (Pc)-embedded two-dimensional carbon sheets by annealing at 450 °C. The low-temperature annealing process, which is motivated by the synthesis of carbon nanoribbons, is suitable for maintaining the Fe–N–C structure while enhancing coupling with carbon. Our two-dimensional carbon sheets show higher ORR activity than commercial Pt catalyst in alkaline media. Furthermore, the feasibility of real application to alkaline membrane electrolyte fuel cell is verified by superior volumetric current density. In durability point of view, the initial activity is retained up to 3000 potential cycles without appreciable activity loss; this excellent performance is attributed to the structural stabilization and electron donation from the carbon sheet, which occurs via strong electronic coupling. We believe that this low-temperature and large-scale synthesis of a carbon structure will provide new possibilities for the development of electrochemical energy applications.
The dietary intakes and sources of isoflavones and coumestrol were estimated for each age group of Koreans based on data from the Korean Nutrition Survey conducted in 1998. For quantitative data on the levels of isoflavones and coumestrol, our previous study monitoring phytoestrogens in 220 Korean leguminous foodstuffs was employed and the median value for each food was adopted. The total isoflavones and coumestrol intake per capita was estimated as 23.3 mg/day, which constituted 14.2 mg daidzein, 6.7 mg genistein, 0.9 mg glycitein, 1.0 mg formononetin, 0.2 mg biochanin A, and 0.3 mg coumestrol. The top five foods arrowroot, soybean paste, tofu, soybean, and soybean sprout contributed to 88.2% of isoflavone intake, with the corresponding intake from each food being 8.3 mg/day, 4.9 mg/day, 2.6 mg/day, 2.5 mg/day, and 2.0 mg/day, respectively. Starting at age 3-6, the contributions of fermented soy products to the isoflavones intakes were around 30%. Soybean sprout was a major source of coumestrol intake in Koreans. Slight differences in the preference of these foods were observed among the various age groups. As regards the total isoflavone intakes, the highest value was 33.6 mg/day for people age 30-49, followed by age 50-64 (26.4 mg/day), 20-29 (21.0 mg/day), >or=65 (18.8 mg/day), 1-2 (14.5 mg/day), 7-12 (12.4 mg/day), 13-19 (10.1 mg/day), and 3-6 (8.9 mg/day). The intake levels are likely to be exceeded in groups who have preferably consumed high phytoestrogen-containing foods such as soy-protein-based infant formula and arrowroot.
Dilatation and curettage (D&C) is one of the most frequently performed procedures for first trimester surgical abortion, also nonobstetric D&C can be performed for both diagnostic and therapeutic indications.The mortality and morbidity of D&C are very low, and perforation of uterus is rare.But curettage of a large, soft postpartum uterus can be a formidable undertaking because the risk of perforation is high and the procedure commonly results in increased rather than decreased bleeding.Although many perforations are innocuous, others lead to infection, hemorrhage, and trauma to abdominal contents.Bowel perforation is an infrequent complication, it persists as an important cause of peritonitis and sepsis.The following cases describe two women, who suffered intestinal perforation after D&C at delayed postpartum period.
The effect of porous structures on the electrocatalytic activity of N-doped carbon is studied by using electrochemical analysis techniques and the result is applied to synthesize highly active and stable Fe-N-C catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). We developed synthetic procedures to prepare three types of N-doped carbon model catalysts that are designed for systematic comparison of the porous structures. The difference in their catalytic activity is investigated in relation to the surface area and the electrochemical parameters. We found that macro- and mesoporous structures contribute to different stages of the reaction kinetics. The catalytic activity is further enhanced by loading the optimized amount of Fe to prepare Fe-N-C catalyst. In both N-doped carbon and Fe-N-C catalysts, the hierarchical porous structure improved electrocatalytic performance in acidic and alkaline media. The optimized catalyst exhibits one of the best ORR performance in alkaline medium with excellent long-term stability in anion exchange membrane fuel cell and accelerated durability test. Our study establishes a basis for rationale design of the porous carbon structure for electrocatalytic applications.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of etching with phosphoric acid incorporated in an acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel on the bonding of a bracket and the loss of sound enamel. In the control group, the enamel was etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 seconds. In the experimental groups, the enamel was etched for 30 seconds with 37% phosphoric acid blended with 1.23% APF gel at various ratios (25%, 33%, 50%, 67%, and 75% APF gel). The brackets were bonded with Transbond XT light-cured orthodontic adhesive according to the manufacturer's instructions. The specimens were then treated under three different conditions: 37 degrees C for one hour, 37 degrees C for 24 hours, and thermocycling (2500 times) between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C in deionized water. The shear bond strength of 10 specimens in each condition was measured and the results analyzed using a Tukey multiple comparison test (P = .05). The shear bond strength decreased significantly as the fraction of the APF gel increased in the experimental etchant. An apparent increase in the adhesive remnant index score was also observed in the large fraction of the APF gel. To minimize the damage of the sound enamel surface during the etching and debonding procedures, a mixture of phosphoric acid and an APF gel (50% and 67% APF fraction) can be used as an phosphoric acid etchant substitute without loss of the proper bracket bond strength.
Abstract Background To evaluate the pregnancy outcomes and the risk of adverse obstetrical outcomes from cesarean myomectomy (CM) compared to cesarean section (CS)-only and to investigate the trend of surgeons in choosing CM. Methods A retrospective cohort study was done of all patients who underwent CS that was complicated with leiomyoma at two university hospitals from January 2010 to May 2020. All patients were categorized into the CM group or the CS-only group. We analyzed the demographic factors, obstetric factors, surgical outcomes, and possible risk factors for adverse outcomes between the two groups. Results A total of 438 women in the CS-only group and 341 women in the CM group were included. Women who underwent CS-only had significantly more history of a previous myomectomy and multiple leiomyomas compared to women who underwent CM. The gestational days at delivery and the pregnancy complications were significantly higher in the CS group. The mean size of the leiomyomas was larger in the CM group than in the CS only group (5.8 ± 3.2 cm vs 5.2 ± 3.1 cm, P = 0.005). Operation time and history of previous CS and preterm labor were higher in the CM group. It seems that preterm labor and abnormal presentation were relatively higher in the CM group than in the CS group due to the presence of leiomyoma. There were no significant differences in the pre and postoperative hemoglobin levels. The size of the leiomyoma (odds ratio [OR] = 1.162; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 – 1.25; P < 0.001) and operation time > 60 minutes (OR = 2.461; 95% CI: 1.45 – 4.15) were significant independent predictors of adverse outcomes after CM. Conclusions Cesarean myomectomy is a reliable and safe approach to prevent the need for another operation for remnant leiomyoma. In this study, surgeons seemed to perform CM when uterine leiomyomas were large, the subserosal type, or few in number. Standardized treatment guidelines for myomectomy during cesarean section in pregnant women with uterine fibroids should be established.
Ovarian leiomyoma is a rare mesenchymal tumor, accounting for only 1% of all benign ovarian neoplasm. Most patients are asymptomatic and the tumors are usually found incidentally during operation or at autopsies. Ovarian adenofibroma is a rare benign tumor which originates from the germinal lining and the stroma of the ovary. This tumor may be solid, semisolid or cystic, depending on the relative amount of the epithelial and stromal component. We have experienced a case of ovarian leiomyoma accompanied with ovarian serous adenofibroma in a 42-year-old woman and report this case with a brief review of literature.
Abstract: To find a better way to deliver drugs into hair follicles, we tried two approaches: single topical application using various liposomes; and iontophoresis combined with topical application of ionic liposome. After delivery of adriamycin (ADR) to wax‐depilated rat skin, the transport of the drug was examined under fluorescence microscopy. Most liposomal ADR showed more effective transdermal and transfollicular penetration than free ADR. Among tested liposomes, the non‐ionic GDL liposome (GDL/CH/POE‐10 = glycerol dilaulate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene‐10) was the most selective to hair follicles against skin, while the cationic liposome (GDL/CH/POE‐10/DOTAP, dioleoyl trimethylammonium propane) containing monocationic DOTAP was less selective; however, it was better at improving the delivery amount and penetration of ADR into the follicles and skin. The DMPC/DMPG (7/3) formulation of anionic PC liposome (DMPC/DMPG = dimyristoyl‐phosphocholine/–phospoglycerol) showed results similar to the cationic liposome. The DMPC/DMPG (3/7) formulation yielded poor results, however, probably because of its increased viscosity and anionic property. Although ADR delivery was enhanced by liposomal formulations, topical applications had some limitations in delivery capacity and speed. To accelerate delivery, iontophoresis was combined with the cationic liposome at positive 0.2–0.4 mA/cm 2 for 20–30 min. The resulting delivery of ADR through follicular routes was excellent. This combination method diffused ADR 3.0‐fold more efficiently, rapidly and deeply than single topical application of cationic liposomal ADR. This system also achieved a 3.5‐fold higher diffusive follicular delivery than a free ADR/iontophoresis combination. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the tetracationic lipid DOSPER and hydrophile spermine could serve as a cationic additive instead of the monocationic DOTAP in the liposome. These results suggest that the combinative system of the topically applied cationic liposome followed by iontophoresis has a significant synergistic effect on the transfollicular delivery of ADR.
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