With the increasing penetration rate of electric vehicles (EVs), EV demand response holds great significance for promoting the optimal and secure operation of the power system. This paper proposes an EV response capability assessment method that considers EV users' travel demands and the reliability of the cyber systems integrated into both the power grid and the transportation network. A novel framework for an integrated cyber–power–transportation system is proposed for the first time, and a reliability model for the cyber system is provided. A method is further proposed to calculate the state of an EV when it is plugged in, considering the reliability of traffic guidance information and the reliability of the release of such information. The degree of relaxation in the EV charging demand is proposed to reflect the user's travel demand, based on which the EV response capability can be assessed. Extensive test results on a cyber–power–transportation system containing RBTS BUS6 and the Beijing transportation network are conducted to show the efficiency of the proposed method. The impact of cyber reliability on the EV trip and response capability is analyzed.
The crossover point is precisely situated within the potential well of the first excited state of the CaH 2 + system, causing the majority of intermediates within the well to return back to the reactant channel.
Optical anisotropy is pivotal for optical crystals, and it can be characterized by the maximum algebraic difference in refractive indices. Improving the optical anisotropy, especially for deep-ultraviolet (UV) crystals, is still a challenge and of interest. Herein, a new hydroxyfluorooxoborate, Rb[B3O3F2(OH)2], was obtained by the heterologous isomorphic substitution strategy. Dual enhancement for the band gap and birefringence compared with the parent A[B3O3F2(OH)2] (A = [Ph4P]/[Ph3MeP]) compounds was achieved in Rb[B3O3F2(OH)2]. This considerable enhancement originates from the removal of organic components and the retention of a birefringence-active anionic framework. This enhancement pushes the application region from UV to deep-UV. This discovery not only expands the structural chemistry of borates but also demonstrates the viability of heterologous isomorphic substitution to design deep-UV crystals with enhanced optical property.
Hydroformylation of long-chain alkenes proceeded homogeneously in methanol efficiently. The catalyst could be separated heterogeneously when methanol was removed and recycled for four times without obvious loss in catalytic performance and rhodium.
Abstract A convenient synthesis of title compounds (III) from salicyclamides and dichloropyridazinone (II) is achieved by a one‐pot coupling/Smiles rearrangement/cyclization.
The simultaneous acquisition of spatial information, spectral information and polarimetric information can obtain more characteristic information to distinguish targets. The conventional spectral polarization imaging system mainly includes the filter/polarization wheel rotation system, the crystal modulation system and multi-path beam splitting system. The disadvantages of these systems are: unsynchronized spectral polarization detection, requiring dynamic modulation, complex system, etc. To solve these problems, a spectral polarization detection technology based on optical fiber image bundle is proposed, which combines optical fiber imaging spectral technology with pixel level polarization detection technology. The input shape of the optical fiber image bundle is plane, and the output shape is linear. Optical fiber image bundle can transform the information of array target into that of linear array. The linear array information is the input of spectral imaging system. The polarization detection uses a micron level polarization array to match the pixel size of the detector. The technology can synchronously acquire the two-dimensional spatial information, the spectral information and linear polarization information of the target. The technology can be used to image the area target in snapshot mode. The experimental device is set up to obtain the spectral image in the visible light range, as well as the polarization degree image and polarization angle image of each spectral segment. The data acquisition ability of the system is verified. With the improvement of optical fiber manufacturing technology, the integration of optical fiber is getting better, and the scale of optical fiber is getting larger. The technology will have a high application value in astronomical observation, atmospheric detection, target recognition and other fields.
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