Policy banks are conductive agencies of the macro-regulation for the government,which take policy finance as their duty and implement the intentions of macro-regulation of the government.But they are also operating substances which can have the motives of making profits in practice.Hence,the policy from fund resource and fund operation should be strengthened in order to guarantee this kind of banks to have enough space to develop,carry out macro-economic policies of the government well and realize the positive link with the macro-regulatory function of the government.
Abstract We conducted a Ka -band (26.1–35 GHz) line survey toward Orion KL using the TianMa 65 m Radio Telescope (TMRT). It is the first blind line survey in the Ka band and achieves a sensitivity at the mK level (1–3 mK at a spectral resolution of ∼1 km s −1 ). In total, 592 Gaussian features are extracted. Among them, 257 radio recombination lines (RRLs) are identified. The maximum Δ n of RRLs of H, He, and C are 20, 15, and 5, respectively. Through stacking, we have detected the β lines of ion RRLs (RRLs of C + with the possible contribution of other ions like O + ) for the first time, and a tentative signal of the γ lines of ion RRLs can also be seen on the stacked spectrum. Besides this, 318 other line features were assigned to 37 molecular species, and 10 of these species were not detected in the Q -band survey of TMRT. The vibrationally excited states of nine species were also detected. The emission of most species can be modeled under LTE. A number of transitions of E-CH3OH ( J 2 − J 1 ) display maser effects, which are confirmed by our modeling, and besides the bumping peak at J ∼ 6, there is another peak at J ∼ 13. Methylcyanoacetylene (CH 3 C 3 N) is detected in Orion KL for the first time. This work emphasizes that the Ka band, which was long ignored for spectral line surveys, is very useful for surveying RRLs and molecular lines simultaneously.
Based on an expansion formula for unit dyadic in terms of the vector spherical wave functions, we derive explicit partial wave coefficients for a complex wave vector field that is characterized by a single wave vector with three Cartesian components being arbitrarily constant complex except subject to lossless background constraint and thus includes evanescent waves and simple plasmonic fields as its two special cases. A recurrence method is then proposed to evaluate the partial wave expansion coefficients numerically up to arbitrary order of expansion, offering an efficient tool for the scattering of generic electromagnetic fields that can be modelled by a superposition of the complex wave vector fields such as the evanescent and plasmonic waves. Our approach is validated by analytically working out the integration in the conventional, more cumbersome, projection approach. Comparison of optical forces on a particle in evanescent and plasmonic fields with previous results shows perfect agreement, thereby further corroborating our approach. As examples of its application, we calculate optical force and torque exerting on particles residing in a plasmonic field, with large particle size where the conventional projection method based on the direct numerical integration is unadapted due to the difficulty in convergence. It is found that the direction of optical torque stays parallel to the direction of spin of optical field for some field polarizations and changes for some other polarizations, as the particle radius R varies.
This article discusses the relationship between desert ecosystem structures, succession and environment factors which include soil moisture, salt content and pH values in Fukang of Xinjiang. Some preliminary conclusions have been drawn as following: (1) In the study area the niche breadth of typical species in desert vegetation/ecosystem is closely related to environment factors, such as soil moisture, soil pH and salinity. The biggest niche breadth species are Haloxylon ammodendron (1.412) and Reaumuria soongorrica (1.399), which are dominant species in climax communities of the region, and they have very strong adaptability to the arid desert environment. The niche breadths of Nitraria rovorowskii, Kalidium foliatum and Suaeda acuminata range from 0.8 to 1.2. The smallest niche breadth species are Tamarix spp. and Anabasis spp., ranging from 0.4 to 0.8, and both of them show sensitivity to drought and salinity. (2) Low species diversity in desert vegetation/ecosystem of Fukang was found. In general, the grade of community diversity from high to low is defined as: Tamarix soongorica community, Kalidium foliatum community, Suaeda physophora community, Halocnemum strobilaceum community, Haloxylon ammodendron community, Salsola passerina community, Reaumuria soongorica community, Bassia spp. community and Suaeda acuminate community. The most important factors that influence the species diversity of communities are soil salinity and pH values. Because of saline-sodic environment desert vegetation has developed a saline-sodic endurance ecological type. The main effects of salinity on vegetation are observed in the change of dominant and constructive species in communities, and halophyte becomes the dominant species gradually. (3) The limit factor on secondary succession in regional ecosystem is soil salinization. The trend and phase of community succession are in accordance with soil salinization development. There are three soil types: non-salinity, saline soil, and strong saline soil. Communities of Bassia spp., Suaeda acuminnata, Petrosimonia sibirica, Suaeda physophora, Anabasis spp., Kalidium foliatum, Haloxylon ammodendron. Haloxylon ammodendron distributed in non-saline soil and Reaumuria soongorica community is regarded as a climax community in this area and distributed in all kinds of saline soils. The appearance of Tamarix spp. is the result of succession development responding to salinity and increased water content. The plant communities are distributed, in turn, within the entire basin because groundwater table and soil salinity changes from the foothill of mountain to desert, and this sequence is the same as the secondary succession serial of the vegetation / ecosystem of this area.
The paper introduces a sub-binary architecture in 16-bit split-capacitor successive-approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The redundancy in sub-binary capacitors array provides ways to correct the dynamic errors in conversion procedure with a smaller overall conversion time. So the redundancy can be used to solve the mismatch or parasitic problems in split-capacitor CDAC SAR. A background digital calibration method with perturbation is utilized to calibrate the conversion errors. The behavioral simulation and measured results show that the 16-bit SAR ADC performance can be improved after the digital calibration. The prototype was fabricated in 0.18 μm CMOS process. The INL are −6/7.813 LSB, the DNL are −0.925/1.313 before calibration. After calibration, the INL are −0.813/0.938, the DNL are −0.625/0.688. The measured ENOB is 11.42 bit and SFDR is 79.95 dB before calibration, while the ENOB is 14.46 bit and SFDR is 95.65 dB after calibration.
Abstract. Many efforts have been devoted to quantifying the impact of intercontinental transport on global air quality by using global chemical transport models with horizontal resolutions of hundreds of kilometers in recent decades. In this study, a global online air quality source–receptor model (GNAQPMS-SM) is designed to effectively compute the contributions of various regions to ambient pollutant concentrations. The newly developed model is able to quantify source–receptor (S-R) relationships in one simulation without introducing errors by nonlinear chemistry. We calculate the surface and planetary boundary layer (PBL) S-R relationships in 19 regions over the whole globe for ozone (O3), black carbon (BC), and non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-sulfate) by conducting a high-resolution (0.5∘× 0.5∘) simulation for the year 2018. The model exhibits a realistic capacity in reproducing the spatial distributions and seasonal variations of tropospheric O3, carbon monoxide, and aerosols at global and regional scales – Europe (EUR), North America (NAM), and East Asia (EA). The correlation coefficient (R) and normalized mean bias (NMB) for seasonal O3 at global background and urban–rural sites ranged from 0.49 to 0.87 and −2 % to 14.97 %, respectively. For aerosols, the R and NMB in EUR, NAM, and EA mostly exceed 0.6 and are within ±15 %. These statistical parameters based on this global simulation can match those of regional models in key regions. The simulated tropospheric nitrogen dioxide and aerosol optical depths are generally in agreement with satellite observations. The model overestimates ozone concentrations in the upper troposphere and stratosphere in the tropics, midlatitude, and polar regions of the Southern Hemisphere due to the use of a simplified stratospheric ozone scheme and/or biases in estimated stratosphere–troposphere exchange dynamics. We find that surface O3 can travel a long distance and contributes a non-negligible fraction to downwind regions. Non-local source transport explains approximately 35 %–60 % of surface O3 in EA, South Asia (SAS), EUR, and NAM. The O3 exported from EUR can also be transported across the Arctic Ocean to the North Pacific and contributes nearly 5 %–7.5 % to the North Pacific. BC is directly linked to local emissions, and each BC source region mainly contributes to itself and surrounding regions. For nss-sulfate, contributions of long-range transport account for 15 %–30 % within the PBL in EA, SAS, EUR, and NAM. Our estimated international transport of BC and nss-sulfate is lower than that from the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (HTAP) assessment report in 2010, but most surface O3 results are within the range. This difference may be related to the different simulation years, emission inventories, vertical and horizontal resolutions, and S-R revealing methods. Additional emission sensitivity simulation shows a negative O3 response in receptor region EA in January from EA. The difference between two methods in estimated S-R relationships of nss-sulfate and O3 are mainly due to ignoring the nonlinearity of pollutants during chemical processes. The S-R relationship of aerosols within EA subcontinent is also assessed. The model that we developed creates a link between the scientific community and policymakers. Finally, the results are discussed in the context of future model development and analysis opportunities.
Graphene, a two‐dimensional nanomaterial with unique biomedical properties, has attracted great attention due to its potential applications in graphene‐based drug delivery systems (DDS). In this work graphene sheets with various sizes and graphene oxide functionalized with polyethylene glycol (GO‐PEG) are utilized as nanocarriers to load anticancer drug molecules including CE6, DOX, MTX, and SN38. We carried out molecular dynamics calculations to explore the energetic stabilities and diffusion behaviors of the complex systems with focuses on the effects of the sizes and functionalization of graphene sheets as well as the number and types of drug molecules. Our study shows that the binding of graphene‐drug complex is favorable when the drug molecules and finite graphene sheets become comparable in sizes. The boundaries of finite sized graphene sheets restrict the movement of drug molecules. The double‐side loading often slows down the diffusion of drug molecules compared with the single‐side loading. The drug molecules bind more strongly with GO‐PEG than with pristine graphene sheets, demonstrating the advantages of functionalization in improving the stability and biocompatibility of graphene‐based DDS.
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