Since fare discounts have been regarded as an effective economical measure to increase passenger flow, it is helpful for local governments and transit operators to understand its impact on ridership. Taking Xiamen, China, as an example, this study uses transaction data to analyze the changes of weekday daily metro ridership after the opening of Xiamen Metro Line 1. At the initial stage of operation of Xiamen Metro Line 1, there are three preferential schemes: discount per trip, money reduced per trip, and discount after reaching the accumulated fare. Therefore, the algorithm of the iterated cumulative sums of squares is introduced to identify structural change points of the time series of daily ridership, which varies according to the type of ticket. The effects of different fare discounts on total ridership and ridership varied by ticket types are analyzed by the regression discontinuity method. The results show that the dates of structural change points are well-matched with the start and end dates of preferential schemes. Each preferential scheme has its own benefited groups. During the fare discount period, the number of passengers gradually increased. But after the cancellation of the favorable preferential scheme, the number of passengers decreased sharply. By understanding the impact of fare discounts on ridership in Xiamen, China, several metro ticketing policy recommendations are put forward, including raising the focus on E-Tickets, formulating more attractive preferential measures to promote the mode conversion of private cars and vehicles to metro, paying attention to high-frequency passengers, and seeking common subsidies from the financial industry to achieve a win-win situation. In addition, the analytical framework proposed in this study can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of other transportation policies in the future.
Objectives To explore the potential components of hospital workplace violence (HWPV) from the perspectives of hospital administrators and patients, and put forward corresponding strategies for its prevention and control. Setting Using convenience sampling methods, 116 hospitals in 14 provinces of China were surveyed using a self-designed questionnaire. Methods A cross-sectional study was used. Participants Hospital administrators and patients from 116 hospitals in 14 provinces of China. Results First, hospital administrators point of workplace factors included six factors, with the following weighting coefficients: hospital administrator factors (29.40%), patient-related factors (20.08%), hospital environmental factors (19.45%), policy and institutional factors (11.92%), social psychological factors (10.26%), objective events factors (8.89%). Second, patients from the hospital workplace predisposing factors included three common factors. The weight coefficients of these were hospital-related factors (60.27%), social and governmental factors (23.64%) and patient-related factors (16.09%). Conclusions A wide range of factors according to hospital administrators, patients and in the hospital environment play important roles in HWPV. From the perspectives of hospital administrators, communication skills and attitude to the service are important factors for inducing HWPV. From the perspective of patients, the characteristics of staff personalities and medical cognition are more important inducing factors. As far as social factors are concerned, economic compensation of medical malpractice is an important inducing factor for HWPV. In terms of environmental factors, management of Chinese medical hospitals, medical procedures and the layout of departments are all potential factors for the occurrence of violence. Corresponding defects were exposed in the health legal system and the supervision system for influencing public opinion.
Plea bargaining in America and related systems in other countries have shown that the law enforcement organs may deal with the cases with guilty plea in a summary procedure,and the confessed defendant should get a lenient sentence.Under the background of harmonious society and the policy of balance between leniency and punishment in China,we should adopt the reasonable elements of plea bargaining to reconstruct and reform our process in dealing with pled guilty cases rather than plant plea bargaining system from Western countries.
New century's environment protection problem has become a hot point of the globalization. Scientific optimist, deep ecologist and social ecologist have their own point of view. The paper put forward a train of thought of using Wang Chuan shan's natural view to solve this problem. Wang Chuan shan's natural view admitted that the natural law is transferred independent of man's will. He held that man's subjective initiative should be considered first and then the coordination of man and nature and seeking unity of the natural laws and humanity. This point of view has partial relationship with the traditional thought of Heaven and man combining into one and naturalism, but great differences existed, and it has scientific, reasonable and modern significance.
Multimedia no longer is the traditional auxiliary teaching tool, but to construct one kind of new network teaching environment to create the condition, specially regarding the education socialization, the multimedia networks is one kind of more ideal dissemination tool. Multimedia itself has: The fusion lives, the misalignment, not to have the constitutive property, the negotiation, to be possible mutually, timeliness characteristics and so on editor; Simultaneously utilizes in the education teaching also has its special skill: Favors the information the memory use, is raises the divergent thought the tool, to urge the study individualizing realization. The foothold will develop in the future, uses the multimedia networking, the development teaching experiment.
The legal doctrines of waiver and estoppel are essential in life and health insurance. However, the existingInsurance LawandMaritime Lawin our country have prescribed little rules onwaive and estoppel. In theory, insurance contract has not established a comprehensive system onwaive and estoppelaccording to the principle of good faith. In practice, all kinds ofwaive and estoppelcome forth in the implementation of all aspects of the insurance contract. And it is in great need of support of theory and legal. This paper is about study on waiver and estoppel in policy which have been recognized and commonly used in US and some other developed countries, then reflect on the current situation ofInsurance LawandMaritime Lawin our country in order to make some feasible suggestion for our own Insurance Law and Maritime Law in international trade.
The sustainable use of common-pool resources (CPRs) is a major environmental governance challenge because of their possible over-exploitation. Research in this field has overlooked the feedback between user decisions and resource dynamics. Here we develop an online game to perform a set of experiments in which users of the same CPR decide on their individual harvesting rates, which in turn depend on the resource dynamics. We show that, if users share common goals, a high level of self-organized cooperation emerges, leading to long-term resource sustainability. Otherwise, selfish/individualistic behaviors lead to resource depletion ("Tragedy of the Commons"). To explain these results, we develop an analytical model of coupled resource-decision dynamics based on optimal control theory and show how this framework reproduces the empirical results.
As a proxy to trace the impact of anthropogenic activity, sedimentary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compared between the early industrialized and newly industrialized countries of Germany and China, respectively. Surface sediment samples in the Ammer River of Germany and the Liangtan River of China were collected to compare concentration levels, distribution patterns, and diagnostic plots of sedimentary PAHs. Total concentrations of 16 PAHs in Ammer sediments were significantly higher by a factor of ~4.5 than those in Liangtan. This contrast agrees with an extensive literature survey of PAH levels found in Chinese versus European sediments. Distribution patterns of PAHs were similar across sites in the Ammer River, whereas they were highly varied in the Liangtan River. Pyrogenic sources dominated in both cases. Strong correlations of the sum of 16 PAHs and PAH groups with TOC contents in the Liangtan River may indicate coemission of PAHs and TOC. Poor correlations of PAHs with TOC in the Ammer River indicate that other factors exert stronger influences. Sedimentary PAHs in the Ammer River are primarily attributed to input of diffuse sources or legacy pollution, while sediments in the Liangtan River are probably affected by ongoing point source emissions. Providing further evidence of a more prolonged anthropogenic influence are the elevated black carbon fractions in sedimentary TOC in the Ammer compared to the Liangtan. This implies that the Liangtan River, like others in newly industrialized regions, still has a chance to avoid legacy pollution of sediment which is widespread in the Ammer River and other European waterways.
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