Substantial attention has been given to action research. A systematic review was implemented in 2001 to provide a complete summary of existing action research studies, but there is no systematic exploration of action research publications for this millennium. The general objective of this study was to systematically retrieve and review empirical studies on action research methodologies from 2000 to 2014. The consecutive and structured process of searching, selecting and examining articles through the Matrix Method was elaborated clearly in this paper. This study has found a wide variety of action research paradigms, data collection, and analysis methods and this paper discussed action research quality from these three aspects. Actor-network theory was introduced to propose the Spectrum of action research paradigms. In addition, a new classification was presented to group all data collection methods into those conducted respectively by researchers, participants, and both. Six kinds of commonly used data analysis approaches were extracted. Limitations and conclusions of the study were articulated in this paper.
With the rapid growth of China's economy since the reform and opening up, many industries have entered a period of rapid growth. Therefore, the macro environment at that time gave many industries the opportunity to develop. In the 1990s, the famous Chinese athlete Li Ning created the sports brand "Li Ning". Under the continuous improvement of the brand, Li Ning has become a world-famous sports brand after decades of development. Although Li Ning is a world-famous sports brand, its consumer group size still lags behind that of the world's top sports brands. This study found two solutions for Li Ning. First, create a co-brand. Second, increase the sponsorship of more influential events. This study puts forward some research methods for Li Ning. By strengthening the connection between the brand and consumers, Li Ning can have better fan effect, so as to achieve the purpose of expanding the international market. However, this study is only limited to the fans and brand linkage, and there are many aspects that are not discussed in this study.
Construction safety climate (CSC) has become an important part of the construction safety research field in recent years. This paper analyzes the current research status, hot spots, and trends of CSC by sorting 531 articles in the Web of Science (WOS) database from 2017–2022 through the visualization software VOSviewer. The study shows that (1) China has made significant contributions to CSC research, with Chan, A.P.C. being the most published and cited scholars in recent years, respectively, laying the foundation for CSC; (2) the hotspots of CSC include two main directions, namely research on CSC dimensions and evaluation systems, and the combination with cross-cutting themes (such as safety culture, safety performance, and safety behavior); (3) the research on CSC and safety behavior has become one of the most prominent research directions, mainly divided into two aspects, namely workers’ causes and external causes; (4) a warning system of safety behavior for construction workers through CSC is still worthy of exploration. The results of this study could help scholars clarify the research lineage and current situation in this field and to grasp future research directions.
BACKGROUND Mobile health (mHealth) apps are rapidly emerging technologies in China due to strictly controlled medical needs during the COVID-19 pandemic while continuing essential services for chronic diseases. However, there have been no large-scale, systematic efforts to evaluate relevant apps. OBJECTIVE We aim to provide a landscape of mHealth apps in China by describing and comparing digital health concerns before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, including mHealth app data flow and user experience, and analyze the impact of COVID-19 on mHealth apps. METHODS We conducted a semilongitudinal survey of 1593 mHealth apps to study the app data flow and clarify usage changes and influencing factors. We selected mHealth apps in app markets, web pages from the Baidu search engine, the 2018 top 100 hospitals with internet hospitals, and online shopping sites with apps that connect to smart devices. For user experience, we recruited residents from a community in southeastern China from October 2019 to November 2019 (before the outbreak) and from June 2020 to August 2020 (after the outbreak) comparing the attention of the population to apps. We also examined associations between app characteristics, functions, and outcomes at specific quantiles of distribution in download changes using quantile regression models. RESULTS Rehabilitation medical support was the top-ranked functionality, with a median 1.44 million downloads per app prepandemic and a median 2.74 million downloads per app postpandemic. Among the top 10 functions postpandemic, 4 were related to maternal and child health: pregnancy preparation (ranked second; fold change 4.13), women's health (ranked fifth; fold change 5.16), pregnancy (ranked sixth; fold change 5.78), and parenting (ranked tenth; fold change 4.03). Quantile regression models showed that rehabilitation (P<sub>75</sub>, P<sub>90</sub>), pregnancy preparation (P<sub>90</sub>), bodybuilding (P<sub>50</sub>, P<sub>90</sub>), and vaccination (P<sub>75</sub>) were positively associated with an increase in downloads after the outbreak. In the user experience survey, the attention given to health information (prepandemic: 249/375, 66.4%; postpandemic: 146/178, 82.0%; <i>P</i>=.006) steadily increased after the outbreak. CONCLUSIONS mHealth apps are an effective health care approach gaining in popularity among the Chinese population following the COVID-19 outbreak. This research provides direction for subsequent mHealth app development and promotion in the postepidemic era, supporting medical model reformation in China as a reference, which may provide new avenues for designing and evaluating indirect public health interventions such as health education and health promotion. CLINICALTRIAL
We present a human postural balance study on quiet stance and kneeling gaits on inclined and high elevated surfaces for construction workers. To simulate the high elevation, an immersive mixed reality environment is built with an actual inclined roof surface to create somatosensory haptic feedback. We quantify the postural balance during quiet kneeling and stance through measurements of the center of pressure and sway motion of the upper-body under various inclined angles and heights. The results of center of pressure and trunk acceleration measurements show smaller postural sway during kneeling compared to standing. A mathematical model is also presented to help understand the experimental results and potentially provide design guidance for further intervention to prevent and mitigate the fall risk for construction workers. The model and controller parameters are optimized to precisely capture and explain the experimental results.
Abstract Information and communication technology promotes the rapid development of fintech, which has a far‐reaching impact on wage distribution in China. Using data from the Chinese General Social Survey and the Index of Digital Financial Inclusion, this study examines the impact of fintech on the gender wage gap. We find that fintech (i) narrows the gender wage gap; (ii) reduces capital constraints and operating costs, thereby promoting female entrepreneurship, driving more women into employment, and enabling women to increase their wages and bargaining power within the household; and (iii) positively impacts the wages of women (and men) who have lower family economic status, and helps women (but not men) counter the risk of decline in wages caused by childbearing and caring under the two‐child policy. These findings have important policy implications and provide evidence of women's improving economic conditions leading to a reduced gender wage gap.
BACKGROUND Mobile health applications are emerging as a novel platform to obtain data pertinent to wellness and disease diagnosis, prevention, and management. As the future general trend of medical informatization, mobile health is an indispensable way to promote universal medical care to reduce disease burden. The features of these mHealth apps in China is unclear, so we collected a wide range of application information to evaluate these apps effectively. OBJECTIVE We aim to provide a landscape of mHealth apps on the existing market in China. We expect that based on the actual state, this study can give future development directions of mHealth apps. METHODS We searched mHealth apps from five android app stores (Huawei, Oppo, Vivo, Tencent, and 360), Apple App Store (IOS), and Baidu search engine up to October 25, 2019. We also searched the inventory of the top 100 Chinese hospitals in 2018 and four online shopping sites (Tmall, JD, Pinduoduo, and Suning) to identify apps of Internet hospitals and intelligent devices, respectively. RESULTS We identified 2425 mHealth apps (93.3% android, 69.2% iPhone) in the primary analysis, whose intentional users were ordinary consumers (Android 1808/2262, 79.9%; IOS 1350/1677, 80.5%). 56.1% (1168/2081) of app developers were Internet companies. More than 90% of apps were available free of cost (Android 2111/2262, 93.3%; IOS 1615/1677, 96.3%), but in-app purchases accounted for more than 60% (Android 1397/2262, 61.8%; IOS 1189/1677, 70.9%). Of the 1285 public available apps, 1248 were for health management, of which 26.3% (328/1248) were related to bodybuilding, and 13.7% (171/1248) were related to women's health. The other 697 apps were used for medical support, and 289 of them were related to inquiries. The permissions required by the apps include claiming the network (2081/2107), reading the status and identity of the phone (1881/2107) , and location (1799/2107). CONCLUSIONS With the increasing condition of the paid and membership system, rising profit of mHealth app drives various industries to move forward. This study guides research designs of future apps in mHealth field. The prospect of mHealth app is bright, but there exists a critical condition in claiming excessive permissions, security, and legal management, which need to be further strengthened.
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