Abstract Iodine deficiency and excessive salt intake have adverse health effects. This study evaluated the iodine level and salt intake in Chinese adults aged 18–59 years after implementing the salt reduction program and compared with both the World Health Organization (WHO) and Chinese recommendations. Adults aged 18–59 years were randomly selected using multi-stage stratified random sampling in coastal urban area (CUA), non-coastal urban area (Non-CUA), coastal rural area (CRA), and non-coastal rural area (Non-CRA) of Fujian Province, China. Iodine, sodium, and creatinine concentrations in spot urine samples were measured. Knudsen equation was used to determine 24-h urinary iodine and sodium excretion. The median urinary iodine concentration (mUIC) and urinary sodium concentration (mUNaC) among adults ( n = 3513) were 132.0 μg/L and 4.0 g/d, respectively. The mUIC and median daily iodine intake in CUA, Non-CUA, CRA and Non-CRA were 112.1, 127.5, 128.5, 167.5 μg/L and 189.6, 182.5, 199.4, 236.0 μg/d, respectively. The mUNaC and median daily salt intake (mDSI) in these four areas were 2.4, 2.8, 2.9, 2.9 g/L and 9.8, 10.4, 10.4, 10.6 g/d, respectively. The mUIC and DII of residents were higher in the Non-CRA than in the other three areas ( P < 0.05). The UNaC and DSI of residents were lower in the CUA than in the other three areas ( P < 0.05). The logistic regression demonstrated that the people living in CUA and Non-CUA consumed less salt compared with those in Non-CRA. Except for Non-CUA, the DII was lower (< 150 μg/d) among women of childbearing age in the low–salt intake group (< 5 g/d) compared with the high–salt intake group (≥ 5 g/d) ( P < 0.05). Iodine nutrition in Chinese adults aged 18–59 years was sufficient, but the salt intake was substantially higher than the WHO and Chinese recommendations. Further policy implementation is needed to reduce salt intake and improve the monitoring of iodine levels in Chinese adults, especially in women of childbearing age.
Vegetation restoration is a basic and strategic engineering measures to handle abandoned land of project construction, restore ecological environment, control soil erosion, support sustainable development of economy. It is also the first important and critical work to be done to restore ecosystem which was destroyed. In order to accelerate ecosystem restoration of abandoned land of hydropower station , artificial restoration should be carried out . It is necessary to restore vegetation by some engineering measures according to special conditions on the abandoned land of hydropower station.
Allan Poe is an excellent poet and novelist in the 19 century of America. In short novel, he is the pioneer of the modern detective novels and modern science fiction, which is comparable to Mark Twin and William Faulkner. He promotes the artistic status of Gothic novel through the creative means of mental horror. This thesis tries to interpret the psychology of the Usher under the framework of Freudian psychoanalytic theory. This thesis can be divided into 3 parts. Part one is a brief introduction to Poe’s literary career, providing a relevant background to the interpretation of the novel. Part two interprets the main character’s psychology from the perspective of the structure of personality. Part three is the conclusion part of the thesis. Through the analysis of the novel, we can draw the conclusion that environmental factor plays an important role in shaping one’s personality.
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