George D. Kerr

Weatherford College

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Stephen D. Egbert

University of California, San Diego

Robert W. Young

Aintree University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

Harry M. Cullings

Radiation Effects Research Foundation

Keith F. Eckerman

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

D.C. Kaul

Science Applications International Corporation (United States)

Eric J. Grant

Radiation Effects Research Foundation

George Ostrouchov

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Toby J. Mitchell

Merrill (United States)

Richard W. Leggett

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Edward L. Frome

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Cooperative Institutions

United States Department of Energy

Leidos (United States)

Radiation Effects Research Foundation

National Cancer Institute

Oak Ridge Associated Universities

Hiroshima University

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Science Applications International Corporation (United States)

Medical Radiological Research Center

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Survivor dosimetry. Part B. DS02 free-in-air neutron and gamma tissue kerma relative to DS86

Robert W. Young Stephen D. Egbert Harry M. Cullings George D. Kerr Tetsuji Imanaka

The major determinant of the radiation dose to a survivor at a given location with respect to the hypocenter of a bomb detonation is the radiation field in the open at that location. Therefore, a change in free-in-air (FIA) kerma at any given distance from the bomb has a proportional effect on the doses of all survivors at that distance, if the shielding is not changed. The fluence-to-kerma coefficients used in the DS02 studies are discussed in Chapter 12, Part A, where one can see that the differences between the newer DS02 and older DS86 kerma coefficients for soft tissues of the body are quite small at the neutron and gamma-ray energies that are most important in the radiation dosimetry for the survivors. Thus, the differences in DS02 and DS86 FIA tissue kermas from neutrons and photons are due essentially to differences in the DS02 and DS86 source term and transport calculations discussed in Chapters 2 and 3. (J.P.N.)

Kerma

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Neutron and photon fluence-to-dose conversion factors for active marrow of the skeleton

OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (1984)

George D. Kerr Keith F. Eckerman

Calculation of the absorbed dose to active marrow is a complex problem because charged particle equilibrium may not exist near a soft tissue-bone interface and it is difficult to model the intricate intermixture of soft tissue and bone in the skeleton. This study provides the first definitive calculations for a variety of bones and a wide range of neutron and photon energies. We avoid the assumption of a special geometry by using measured chord-length distributions to represent the microstructure of trabecular bone which contains the active marrow. Results of our calculations for neutrons and photons with energies up to 20 MeV are presented as dose response factors. The response factors can be applied in radiation transport calculations of absorbed dose in active marrow from photons and neutrons externally incident on the body and photons produced by neutrons interactions within the body. 34 references, 6 figures, 2 tables.

Skeleton (computer programming)

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A Survey of Radiation Doses Received by Atomic-bomb Survivors Residing in the U.S.

Health Physics (1976)

George D. Kerr Hiroaki Yamada Sidney Marks

A survey has been completed of 300 of an estimated 500–750 survivors of the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki who reside in the U.S. Distributions with respect to age, sex, citizenship status, distance from the hypocenter at the time of bombing, and dose from immediate weapon radiation have been tabulated from the results and are presented for this group of 300 survivors. Also presented are survey results concerning exposures to residual radiation from fallout and neutron-induced radioactivity in the areas adjacent to the hypocenter.

Hypocenter

10.1097/00004032-197610000-00001

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Source Inventory Limits

Health Physics (1990)

George D. Kerr Keith F. Eckerman

A new set of values has been developed for exempting sealed sources of radioactive materials from inventory. The criteria for exemption are: (a) the annual occupational dose from external radiation at 1 m from the source is approximately 100 μSv (10 mrem) or less; and (b) the source activity is approximately equal to the annual limit on intake by inhalation or less than 4 × 107 Bq (1000 μCi). These criteria were selected to correspond to an annual occupational dose of approximately 50 to 500 μSv (5 to 50 mrem) and a small potential annual risk of approximately 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−5 fatal cancers or less.

10.1097/00004032-199012000-00018

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Citations (2)

Comment on “Neutron-induced 63Ni in copper samples from Hiroshima and Nagasaki: a comprehensive presentation of results obtained at the Munich Maier–Leibnitz Laboratory” by W. Rühm, K. L. Carroll, S. D. Egbert, T. Faestermann, K. Knie, G. Korschinek, R. E. Martinelli, A. A. Marchetti, G. Rugel, T. Straume, A. Wallner, C. Wallner, S. Fujita, H. Hasai, M. Hoshi, K. Shizuma (2007) Radiat Environ Biophys 46:327–338

Radiation and Environmental Biophysics (2008)

George D. Kerr

Presentation (obstetrics)

10.1007/s00411-008-0160-5

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Citations (3)

Reassessment of the atomic bomb radiation dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki : dosimetry system 2002 : report of the joint US-Japan working group

Robert W. Young George D. Kerr 放射線影響研究所

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Dose Estimation for Atomic Bomb Survivor Studies: Its Evolution and Present Status

Radiation Research (2006)

Harry M. Cullings Shoichiro Fujita Sachiyo Funamoto Eric J. Grant George D. Kerr

In the decade after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, several large cohorts of survivors were organized for studies of radiation health effects. The U.S. Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) and its U.S./Japan successor, the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), have performed continuous studies since then, with extensive efforts to collect data on survivor locations and shielding and to create systems to estimate individual doses from the bombs' neutrons and gamma rays. Several successive systems have been developed by extramural working groups and collaboratively implemented by ABCC and RERF investigators. We describe the cohorts and the history and evolution of dose estimation from early efforts through the newest system, DS02, emphasizing the technical development and use of DS02. We describe procedures and data developed at RERF to implement successive systems, including revised rosters of survivors, development of methods to calculate doses for some classes of persons not fitting criteria of the basic systems, and methods to correct for bias arising from errors in calculated doses. We summarize calculated doses and illustrate their change and elaboration through the various systems for a hypothetical example case in each city. We conclude with a description of current efforts and plans for further improvements.

Successor cardinal

10.1667/rr3546.1

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Citations (165)

Transport of initial radiations in air over ground

George D. Kerr J.V. Pace Edgar Mendelsohn W.E. Loewe D.C. Kaul

A time-dependent system of classification is normally used to divide the ionizing radiation from a nuclear explosion into two groups: initial and residual. The initial radiation is the ionizing radiation emitted within the first minute following the detonation of the weapon, and the residual radiation is the ionizing radiation emitted later. Transport calculations for the prompt and delayed radiations were performed separately and then combined at fixed ground locations to obtain the total neutron and gamma-ray fluence, together with their energy and angular distributions. Modeling of the air-over-ground transport for the delayed radiation is a more difficult task. For example, such complex effects as the rapid early-time decay of the fission products, the rise of the fireball, and the blast-enhanced transport of the delayed radiation must be considered. The blast wave from the explosion enhances the transport of the delayed radiations by removing most of the air between the fireball and the shock front. This work uses transport modeling procedures and source term data developed in studies by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). In their studies, the delayed neutron and gamma-ray fluences were estimated by means of a one-dimensional ANISN calculation that takes into account the air density profile at a fixed location on the ground at discrete time intervals after the explosion. The effects of ground scattering were then computed separately by means of the VCS code. These transport modeling procedures were verified by applying them to weapon tests where time dependent gamma-ray measurements were made as a function of ground range. Many of the calculations and comparisons of this work involve the use of dosimetric parameter called kerma. Kerma equals the total kinetic energy of all the charged particles liberated by neutrons and gamma rays in a small volume of a given material divided by the mass of the material in that volume element.

Radiation transport

Neutron Transport

Blast wave

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Gaining and Retaining Customer Loyalty

Public Library Quarterly (2010)

George D. Kerr

The recent recession-related rise in use of U.S. public libraries temporarily masks the declining customer numbers at many public libraries. This loss has been an international problem for over a decade. George Kerr was Customer Services Manager at West Lothian Council Public Libraries (Scotland, UK) when he undertook this study. Kerr recognized that the most efficient way to increase use was to get former users to return. Drawing on international examples, direct mailings, and a telephone survey, this paper examines that effort to win back what Kerr termed “lapsed borrowers.” Kerr's research confirms that libraries can win back a significant proportion of “lapsed borrowers.” The most effective method was for the library to contact customers directly and to offer them a “freebie.” Kerr presents cost data to demonstrate that the effort to win back lapsed users is cost effective. The lapse rate was reduced to just 33 percent. According to Kerr, lapsed borrowers should be the main target group for any new marketing drive. In the future, regular contact by e-mail could be a key to customer retention.

10.1080/01616840903562760

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Citations (10)

Kodama Report: Plan for Conquest

Far Eastern Survey (1945)

George D. Kerr

CONQUEST

10.1525/as.1945.14.14.01p16212

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Citations (1)