Non‐technical summary Voltage‐gated potassium channels control excitability throughout the nervous system and their dysfunction (or mutation) is associated with epilepsy and movement disorders. Loss of the insulating myelin sheath around nerve fibres (axons) in multiple sclerosis causes transmission failure by exposing too many potassium channels. We show that too few potassium channels also causes errors in information transmission as measured by the ability to localize the source of a sound, and suggests a general role for potassium channels along myelinated nerve fibres. These results give insights into normal neuronal function and into neurodegenerative disease mechanisms for patients with ataxia and multiple sclerosis.
This paper is part of a series that provides the details behind the Bureau of Economic Analysis's (BEA) satellite account on research and development (R&D) activity. In the current work, the focus is on the theoretical underpinnings and empirical implementation of the R&D price index used to construct real R&D output. We examine four alternative price indexes. For each, we lay out the theoretical assumptions needed for the approach to be valid and examine how well the approach works in practice. We then compare these four alternative price indexes and explain the choice of our preferred price index.
The expanding recognition of intangible assets in the production of economic output brings renewed attention to difficult measurement issues. Price and quantity measures are needed to incorporate these components of real investment in the national accounts. This paper describes the construction of industry-specific RD this compares to a 2.4 percent growth rate for the GDP price index.
Seizures, particularly multiple episodes and/or status epilepticus (SE) are prevalent in pediatric patients. Pediatric SE is associated with brain changes that have been hypothesized to contribute to the onset of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In order to gain insight into the effects of seizures on the immature brain and the risk for later TLE, we have developed a model of limbic SE in the pigtailed macaque monkey. In separate studies, bicuculline methiodide or a bicuculline ‘cocktail’ was infused into three regions of the brain (area tempestas, hippocampus, entorhinal cortex) to induce seizures. Measures included MRI, electrophysiology, behavior and morphology. Our results suggest that monkey models of SE may provide useful tools for understanding the effects of prolonged seizures during infancy and the origins of TLE in humans.
This paper aims to identify the factors that affect the impact of Open Source Software (OSS), measured by number of downloads and citations, with a case study of R packages. We generate the dependency and contributor networks of the packages using data collected from Depsy.org, and develop statistical models that use the network characteristics, as well as author and package attributes. We find that there are common network and package attributes that are important in determining both the number of downloads and citations of a package, including degree, closeness and betweenness centralities, as well as package attributes such as number of authors and number of commits.
