D. L. Matthews

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

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B. J. MacGowan

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

J. E. Trebes

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

R. L. Kauffman

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Stanley Mrowka

Sandia National Laboratories California

R. A. London

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

T. J. Rosenberg

University of Maryland, College Park

M. D. Rosen

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

C. J. Keane

Stanford University

J. R. Benbrook

Jacobs (United States)

C. J. Keane

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Cooperative Institutions

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

142

Los Alamos National Laboratory

University of California System

University of California, Berkeley

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

University of California, Davis

General Atomics (United States)

Stanford University

University of Rochester

SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

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Progress Towards a 44-Å X-Ray Laser

B. J. MacGowan J. L. Bourgade P. Combis C. J. Keane R. A. London

Since 1984 when soft x-ray amplification was convincingly demonstrated at XUV wavelengths near 200 Å, much effort has gone into obtaining soft x-ray gain at shorter wavelengths. One motivation is the possibility of using a high brightness source of amplified spontaneous emission to perform holography of live biological specimens over short time scales.

Amplified spontaneous emission

Soft X-rays

10.1364/swcr.1988.swlos2

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Production of L X-Rays in Energetic Cl → Cl Collisions

Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions: ICPEAC IX (1975)

J. H. Scofield Renée T. Fortner D. L. Matthews

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Experiments to study the feasibility of making an X-ray laser at the Novette laser facility

D. L. Matthews P. Hagelstein R. L. Kauffman C. Wang G. R. Leipelt

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The x-ray laser as a tool for imaging plasmas

AIP conference proceedings (1996)

Stephen B. Libby L. B. Da Silva Troy W. Barbee R. Cauble P. M. Celliers

The x‐ray laser is now being used at LLNL as a tool for measuring the behaviors of hot dense plasmas. In particular, we have used the 155Å yttrium laser to study transient plasmas by both radiography and moiré deflectometry. These techniques have been used to probe long scale length plasmas at electron densities exceeding 1022 cm−3. Recent advances in multilayer technology have made it possible to directly image ion densities in directly driven thin foils to an accuracy of 1–2 μm. In addition, we have constructed an x‐ray laser Mach‐Zehnder interferometer using multilayer beam‐splitters. This interferometer yields direct 2D projections of electron densities in plasmas with micron spatial resolution. In addition, this interferometer can be used to measure spectral line shapes to high accuracy. Among the subject plasmas under study are laser irradiated planar targets, gold hohlraums, and x‐ray lasers themselves.

Hohlraum

10.1063/1.50502

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Evidence for population inversions in Al and Mg by laser irradiation at 20-ps pulse lengths

Journal of the Optical Society of America B (1992)

G. Charatis R. Shephard C. J. Keane N. D. Delamater Gar. E. Busch

In the course of conducting laser–target interaction experiments at 20-ps pulse length using Al and Mg targets, to determine the ionization balance of these elements, time-resolved K-shell spectral line strengths were obtained, suggesting population inversions between excited levels in both He-like and H-like ions. Effects of resonance-line opacities need to be analyzed in more detail, but opacity effects alone do not account for the anomalous line-intensity ratios that are observed to persist 200–300 ps after the laser pulse. Comparisons with 50-ps and 100-ps pulse shots do not show evidence of inversion, although nonequilibrium spectral line-intensity distributions are observed.

Opacity

Population inversion

Line (geometry)

10.1364/josab.9.001278

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Citations (4)

New Criteria for Contact Printing in Aerial Photography*

Journal of the Optical Society of America (1951)

L. E. Howlett D. L. Matthews

Print value in aerial photography carried out to meet technical requirements is determined almost entirely by the amount of recoverable information. This can be evaluated by measuring the photographic resolving power. The work reported here applies resolving power methods to the selection and exposure of contact photographic papers for aerial photography. Negatives on Aero Super-XX and Aero Panatomic-X have been used for the investigation. Most of the work was done with a chloride emulsion but some experiments with a bromide emulsion led to similar conclusions.It was found that with Aero Super-XX the most generally useful single print is made on a low contrast grade of paper, except for restricted brightness ranges of low contrasts. With Aero Panatomic-X, a single high contrast grade should be used. The higher resolution of the finer grained film is partially lost in the printing.Glossy paper preserves most of the available information on the film. It is adequate, but much inferior to transparencies. Other paper surfaces lead to more or less serious losses.Effects of inaccurate paper exposure are shown for different contrast grades. Exposure tolerance and resolving power over the useful range of the film indicate the lower contrast grades to be the most useful for the great majority of air negatives on Aero Super-XX.Great overexposure but only slight underexposure of film may be compensated for in printing. Maximum and minimum usable paper densities are given.

USable

Negative

Photographic emulsion

Screen printing

Aerial photography

10.1364/josa.41.000752

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Vibrational Relaxation of Carbon Monoxide in the Shock Tube

The Journal of Chemical Physics (1961)

D. L. Matthews

The rate of approach to vibrational equilibrium of suddenly heated CO has been studied using a shock tube and interferometer in the temperature range 2200–4900° K. Care was taken to ensure purity of the gas, so that the effect of impurities could be considered negligible. The measured relaxation times, which ranged nearly exponentially from 50 μsec at 2200° to 2 μsec at 4900°, agree fairly well with the results of Windsor et al., who covered the range 1400°—3000° using a somewhat different method. Both sets of measurements show satisfactory agreement with Landau-Teller theory as refined by Herzfeld et al. Separate experiments were performed with CO to which was added about one percent of H2, N2, O2, CO2, and H2O, one at a time. CO2 produced a slight reduction and H2O a very marked reduction in the relaxation time; the others produced no observable effect.

Vibrational energy relaxation

Atmospheric temperature range

10.1063/1.1701000

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Citations (35)

Exploding-Foil Technique for Achieving a Soft X-Ray Laser

Physical Review Letters (1985)

M. D. Rosen Peter L. Hagelstein D. L. Matthews E. M. Campbell A. Hazi

Soft X-rays

10.1103/physrevlett.54.853.4

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Citations (6)

Experimental study of soft x-ray amplification in Ni-like Eu

B. J. MacGowan C. J. Keane D. L. Matthews

The results of preliminary Ni-like exploding foil experiments are presented. Lines at 65.9, 71.0, 100.4, and 104.6 A, identified as 4p-4d transitions in Ni-like Eu, have been shown to exhibit gain.

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X-ray laser experiments at the Novetle laser facility

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (1983)

D. L. Matthews P. Hagelstein A. Toor R. L. Kauffman C. Wang

10.1364/cleo.1983.the3

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