L. E. Cross

Pennsylvania State University

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Co-Authors

A. S. Bhalla

The University of Texas at San Antonio

169

Robert E. Newnham

Pennsylvania State University

122

Ruyan Guo

The University of Texas at San Antonio

S. J. Jang

Pennsylvania State University

K. R. Udayakumar

Duke University

Kenji Uchino

Pennsylvania State University

Wenwu Cao

University of Science and Technology Beijing

Thomas R. Shrout

Pennsylvania State University

T.R. Gururaja

Hewlett-Packard (United States)

Baomin Xu

Southern University of Science and Technology

Cooperative Institutions

Pennsylvania State University

302

American Ceramic Society

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Rockwell Automation (United States)

Virginia Tech

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Argonne National Laboratory

Tsinghua University

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

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Investigations of Electrostriction Effects in Glass by Uniaxial Stress Compressometer

Yu-Chang Sun L. E. Cross

Electrostriction

10.1109/isaf.1986.201247

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Citations (0)

Interactions between orthogonal domain walls in gadolinium molybdate

Ferroelectrics (1981)

A. S. Bhalla L. E. Cross

Abstract Detailed investigation of orthogonal domains in (001) sections of single crystal ferroelectric ferroelastic gadolinium molybdate (Gd2(MoO4)3,GMO) have been undertaken using a high resolution decoration technique. Both the cusplike features and the bowing of the planar walls in the extended strain fields are observed. Thickness of the 180 degree walls as revealed by the decoration technique is estimated to be less than 1 μ.

Bowing

10.1080/00150198108218139

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Citations (4)

Origin of the High Piezoelectric Response inPbZr1−xTixO

Physical Review Letters (2000)

Ruyan Guo L. E. Cross S. E. Park Beatriz Noheda D. E. Cox

High resolution x-ray powder diffraction measurements on poled PbZr1-xTixO3 (PZT) ceramic samples close to the rhombohedral-tetragonal phase boundary (the so-called morphotropic phase boundary) have shown that for both rhombohedral and tetragonal compositions the piezoelectric elongation of the unit cell does not occur along the polar directions but along those directions associated with the monoclinic distortion. This work provides the first direct evidence for the origin of the very high piezoelectricity in PZT.

Phase boundary

Monoclinic crystal system

Tetragonal crystal system

Distortion (music)

10.1103/physrevlett.84.5423

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Citations (1,026)

Polarization Controlled Ferroelectric High Strain Actuators

Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures (1991)

L. E. Cross

The simple phenomenological relation which relates elastic and dielectric properties in an insulating crystalline dielectric takes the form

10.1177/1045389x9100200301

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Citations (10)

Flexure mode flexoelectric piezoelectric composites

Journal of Applied Physics (2009)

Baojin Chu Wenyi Zhu Nan Li L. E. Cross

We present a flexure mode composite design to generate steep transverse strain gradient to exploit large flexoelectric coefficient μ1122 of (Ba,Sr)TiO3 (BST) ceramics. Very strong direct piezoelectric effect was observed in composites due to the flexoelectricity. In a single unit composite, sharp low frequency (<300 Hz) mechanical resonance leads to high effective d33>2000 pC/N as the result of enhancement of strain gradient at resonance. Giant nonresonance d33 well beyond piezoelectric single crystal about 4350 pC/N was measured at a temperature around Curie temperature of BST ceramic in a six unit three layer composite.

Flexoelectricity

Electromechanical coupling coefficient

Temperature Gradient

10.1063/1.3262495

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Citations (127)

X-ray and phenomenological study of lanthanum-modified lead zirconate-titanates in the vicinity of the relaxor phase transition region

Journal of Applied Physics (1991)

George A. Rossetti Toshiyuki Nishimura L. E. Cross

X-ray diffraction analyses of chemically derived Pb1−xLax(Zr0.65Ti0.35)1−x/4O3 powders were combined with a phenomenological theory to investigate the corresponding single-crystal thermodynamic properties of compositions approaching the relaxor ferroelectric phase transition region (x=0–0.04). The temperature dependence of the electrostrictive strain component, x4, could be described by the Landau–Ginsburg–Devonshire phenomenological theory taking Tc = 357 °C independent of La content (x). The single-domain, single-crystal elastic Gibbs free-energy density was calculated as a function of temperature and composition. The calculated results were discussed in relation to a simple superparaelectric model of relaxor behavior involving the temperature stabilization of noninteracting polar microregions.

Electrostriction

Phenomenological model

Landau theory

10.1063/1.349528

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Citations (17)

Laser interferometer for the study of piezoelectric and electrostrictive strains

Journal of Applied Physics (1988)

Q. M. Zhang Pan Wang L. E. Cross

A modified Michelson interferometer is used to study the strain properties of piezoelectric and electrostrictive materials. For small displacement, a feedback loop is introduced to stabilize the system against the low-frequency optical path-length drifting and the system is capable of resolving displacements of the order of 10−3 Å. For the strain induced by domain switching, a dual-channel signal detection scheme is used which automatically reads out the displacement of the sample. The effect on the measurement of the sample bonding to a substrate and other related problems are discussed.

Electrostriction

SIGNAL (programming language)

10.1063/1.341027

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Citations (158)

Effect of electric field and post-treatment on dielectric behavior of SrTiO3 single crystal

Journal of Applied Physics (2000)

Ang Chen Ruyan Guo A. S. Bhalla L. E. Cross

The effect of dc electric field and post-treatment on the dielectric properties of SrTiO3 single crystals are reported. Both the dielectric constant and the loss tan δ decrease after post-treatment in flowing oxygen environment for 26 h at 1100 °C. The possible physical mechanism is briefly discussed. The dielectric behavior under dc electric field is measured. The rounded dielectric constant peak is induced by application of dc bias, and the corresponding dielectric loss is presented, which show more complicated behavior and usually are missing in the literature. In this work, it is found that the temperature (Tm) of the dielectric constant maximum shifts to higher temperatures with increasing dc electric field E, and follows the Tm∼E2/3 relation, indicating an induced ferroelectric-like behavior with the second-order phase transition under dc bias.

Dielectric loss

DC bias

10.1063/1.372438

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Citations (37)

Dielectric loss of SrTiO3 single crystals under direct current bias

Applied Physics Letters (2000)

Ang Chen A. S. Bhalla Ruyan Guo L. E. Cross

The dielectric behavior of SrTiO3 single crystals under high dc electric field (up to 50 kV/cm) is reported in this letter. The rounded dielectric constant peaks are induced by the application of dc bias, and the corresponding dielectric losses are observed. The results show that dielectric loss under dc bias consists of several components coming from “defects mode” and “induced mode.” The field dependence of these modes is studied and their physical nature is discussed.

DC bias

Dielectric loss

Biasing

10.1063/1.126215

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Citations (37)

Sol–gel synthesis of fine-particle superconducting oxide, YBa₂Cu₃O_7−x

Journal of materials research/Pratt's guide to venture capital sources (1988)

P. Ravindranathan Sridhar Komarneni A. S. Bhalla R. Roy L. E. Cross

Particle (ecology)

10.1557/jmr.1988.0810

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Citations (30)