Exercise and pregnancy in recreational and elite athletes : 2016/17 evidence summary from the IOC Expert Group Meeting, Lausanne. Part 3-exercise in the postpartum period.
SUMMARY Flushing the vasa deferentia (ductus deferentes) a at the time of vasectomy reduced to zero the number of intact spermatozoa by postvasectomy day 6 in the dog and by postvasectomy day 7 in the cat and shortened the time from vasectomy to azoospermia in the dog, but not in the cat. The fluid used to flush the vasa deferentia was not eliminated through the penile urethra, but flowed into the urinary bladder, indicating that the least resistant pathway for the exit of vasal content in the anesthetized dog and cat is toward the urinary bladder. Both control and treated dogs and cats had spermatozoa in the urine obtained by cystocentesis immediately after ejaculation or ejaculation and flushing of the vasa deferentia. Flushing the vasa deferentia at the time of vasectomy is easy to do, safe, and can be used in clinical practice to decrease the time from vasectomy to the safe utilization of dogs and cats as teasers. The procedure has potential application to males of other species.
Key content While the physiological, psychosocial and obstetric health benefits of exercise are well established, there is less awareness of the health implications of long‐term intense exercise. Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport ( RED ‐S) represents a complex inter‐relationship of health consequences that arise as a result of low energy availability. The common presentations of elite sportswomen to gynaecologists include menstrual abnormalities, delayed menarche, subfertility and urinary incontinence. Gynaecology input, including screening, recognition and management, can minimise the risk of consequences and optimise health, fertility and performance. Learning objectives To understand the short‐term and long‐term impacts of elite sport on gynaecological health. To describe the gynaecologist's role in the screening, investigation and management of elite sportswomen. Ethical issues Elite sportswomen should be fully informed about the potential health implications of long‐term vigorous exercise to enable autonomous decision making. While it is the role of the coach to optimise performance, it is the physician's responsibility to prioritise the health of sportswomen, even if this is at the expense of performance level, ability to train or competition rules. To reach an elite level, training is often necessary from childhood; however, many girls will not have capacity, and the health consequences of RED ‐S can cause them irreversible problems.
Guidelines on physical activity or exercise and pregnancy encourage pregnant women to continue or adopt an active lifestyle during and following pregnancy.1–3 Two systematic reviews of pregnancy-related guidelines on physical activity found similarities between recommendations from different countries, but noted that the guidelines differed in focus.4 ,5 The guidelines provided variable guidance on prenatal exercise, or on how pregnant women might approach continuing or adopting sport activities.6 However, most guidelines did not include important topics such as prevalence and known risk factors for common pregnancy-related diseases and complaints, and the role of exercise in preventing and treating them.
Importantly, the focus of most previous guidelines has been on healthy pregnant women in the general population, in whom there is almost always a decline in physical activity during pregnancy.7 ,8 Indeed, a high proportion of pregnant women follow neither physical activity nor exercise guidelines,9 putting them at increased risk of obesity, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and other pregnancy-related diseases and complaints.1
On the other hand, there are enthusiastic exercisers and elite athletes who often meet and exceed general exercise recommendations for pregnant women, but there are no exercise guidelines specifically for these women. Important questions for such women are unanswered in current guidelines: Which activities, exercises and sports can they perform, for how long and at what intensity, without risking their own health and the health of the fetus? How soon can they return to high-intensity training and competition after childbirth?
The IOC and most National Sports Federations encourage women to participate in all Olympic sport disciplines. The IOC promotes high-level performance, and it is also strongly committed to promoting lifelong health among athletes10—not just during their competitive sporting careers. With an increasing number of elite female athletes competing well into …
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