The increasing demand for oral macromolecule delivery encouraged the development of microencapsulation technologies to protect such drugs against gastric and enzymatic degradation. However, microencapsulation often requires harsh conditions that may jeopardize their biological activity. Accordingly, many trials attempted to load macromolecules into porous drug carriers to bypass any formulation induced instability. In this study, we prepared chitosan coated porous poly (d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles (MPs) loaded with insulin using a novel loading technique; double freeze-drying. The results showed a significant increase in drug loading using only 5 mg/ml initial insulin concentration and conveyed a sustained drug release over uncoated MPs. Furthermore, SEM and confocal microscopy confirmed pore blocking and insulin accumulation within the MPs respectively. The oral pharmacodynamic data on rats also proved the preservation of insulin bioactivity after formulation. Finally, the new coating technique proved to be efficient in producing robust layer of chitosan with higher insulin loading while maintaining insulin activity.
In order to know the prevalence of Aeromonas species as a causative agent of diarrhea in Ismailia, Three hundreds and fifty stool samples and rectal swabs were collected from infants and children under the age of 5 years visiting El Kilo11Clinic suffering from acute diarrhea in the period from May 2004 to September 2004.A stool samples were collected from control group of fifty healthy infants and children of matched age and sex.It was found that 29 diarrheal samples were positive for Aeromonas species with prevalence of 8.28%.None of control samples were positive for Aeromonas.In most cases it was found that the infection is water or food borne.Aeromonas strains show high degree of antibiotic susceptibility.
A field experiment was conducted during two successive years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013) in a clay saline soil located at South of El-Hussynia plain, Research Station ,Port-Said Governorate, Egypt.This study aims to evaluate the utilization efficiency of some industrial byproducts i.e.Sugar lime, vinasse, by-pass, pyrite (FeS2) and aluminum sulfate (Al2 (SO4)318H2O) individual and interaction among them as a soil amendments and their effects on improving some chemical and physical properties of saline sodic soils, comparing with gypsum application, under Intermittent leaching technique was adopted using El-Salam canal water.The results showed that the chemical and physical properties of the studied soil were clearly improved due to amendments addition.The common parameters of saline sodic soil i.e., EC, pH, ESP, RSE, B.D, P.R, and WTD were clearly improved.The superior improvement of these parameters was resulted from T8, T9 andT7.The amendment can be arranged, ascending as follows: T1< T2< T10< T6< T3< T5< T4< T11< T13< T12< T7< T9< T8 for both surface and subsurface layers.The final aim is to displace Na from an exchange complex and replace it with Ca, leading to a decrease of exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) or increased removal sodium efficiency (RSE) consequently improvement of soil structure.An additional advantage to this strategy is that any mixture is inexpensive and ready available in large quantities in contrast to gypsum in this study.