Abstract Electromotive force measurements (EMF) of an electrochemical cell with zirconia as solid electrolyte were performed to determine the Ga activity from 973 to 1273 K in the entire compositio...
EMF of galvanic cell with zirconia –based solid electrolytes was measured to determine the activity of Ga in liquid Ga-Sb-Tl alloys between 946 and 1233 K along the tree pseudobinary lines of Ga-(Sb/Tl), (xSb/xTl = 1/3, 1/1 and 3/1) The cell used was: Ga,Ga2O3|(ZrO2)0.92(Y2O3) 0.08|Ga-Sb-Tl, Ga2O3. The activity of Ga (aGa ) was derived by :-3EF = RT ln aGa , where E is cell potential, F is Faraday’s constant, R is gas constant and T is cell temperature. The activity of Ga shows slight negative deviations from ideality in the section with positive deviation from ideality in the whole composition range. The activity of gallium shows slight negative deviations from Raoult’s law in the section with xSb/xTl = 3/1, moderately positive deviations in xSb/xTl =1/1 section and large positive deviations in xSb/xTl =1/3 section.
The emf of the following galvanic cell with ZrO 2 + CaO solid electrolyte has been measured at temperatures between 1160 and 1390 K in the entire composition range of spinel‐type solid solutions of Fe 3 O 4 ‐MgFe 2 O 4 coexisting with Fe 2 O 3 . image and image Thermodynamic functions are derived from the results. The activity of magnetite shows a positive deviation from Rauolt's law in the whole composition range. Activity and oxygen partial pressures in the spinel phase coexisting with Fe 2 O 3 are compared with the published data. Integral Gibbs energy for the formation of (Fe 3 O 4 ) x (MgFe 2 O 4 ) 1− x (M = Cu, Co, Zn, Ni and Mg) obtained by us with similar methods is listed.
The calculations of thermodynamic properties in some gallium-based systems with a miscibility gap ? Ga?Tl, Ga?Hg and Ga?Pb are presented in this paper. The determination of the gallium activities in the mentioned liquid alloys was based on their known phase diagrams using the Zhang-Chou method for calculating activities from phase diagrams involving two liquid or solid coexisting phases. The activities of gallium in Ga?Tl, Ga?Hg and Ga?Pb system were calculated in the 973?1273 K, 573?873 K and 1000?1100 K temperature ranges, respectively. The activities of the other component in all the investigated systems were obtained by the Gibbs-Duhem equation. The results of the calculations are compared with literature data.
EMF of galvanic cells with stabilized zirconia solid electrolyte was measured to determine the activity of gallium in liquid Ga–In–Bi alloys in the temperature range from 1050 to 1200 K along three pseudobinary lines of (InyBi1−y)–Ga where y=0.25, 0.50 and 0.75. A mixture of Ga and Ga2O3 was used as the reference electrode. The activity curves of Ga show positive deviations from ideality in the whole composition range. Iso-activity curves at 1073 K in the ternary Ga–In–Bi alloys were derived by combining the results of this study with activity data for Ga–In and Ga–Bi alloys. The iso-activity curves display small waves, and have concave curvatures in the Ga-rich region at lower temperatures. Using Darken’s equation, data for two binary systems Ga–In and Ga–Bi, and ternary data determined in this study, ΔGXS at 1073 K was derived. The results are compared with those from the general model calculation proposed by Chou.
The techniques for electrochemical sensors with solid electrolytes for process control are reviewed. Cell construction, principle of emf measurements, application of oxygen sensors for liquid nickel, silicon and iron at normal and/or low oxygen potentials are explained. Si-sensor in liquid iron by use of tri-phasic zirconia based solid electrolyte, S-sensor in liquid iron with Laβ-alumina+(La2O2S+La2O3) solid electrolyte, Cu-sensor in Cu-Sn alloys and Cu-matte with Cusicon solid electrolyte, and Al-sensor in Zn bath are explained.