In this article, according to search for the definition of shadow banking, we can make sure the business kinds of “shadow banking”, discuss the influence of business in “shadow banking” on credit risk of commercial banks, and study the elements which may increase the credit risk of commercial banks by using the semi-annual panel data during 2011-2016 of 10 listed banks. Then we can come to some primary conclusions: The credit risk of commercial banks is related to the shadow banking business. All the survival scale increment of financial products increasing, the size of entrusted loans increasing in increment, and the increasing in the size of guarantee commitments will increase the credit risk of commercial banks. There is no obvious relationship between trust loan business and bank credit risk. Our study is of great significance for the government to supervise the off-balance-sheet business of commercial banks. At the same time, it also fills the vacancy of domestic commercial banking “shadow banking” business empirical research.
Objectives: To analyze the clinical characteristics, treatment effectiveness and long-term prognosis of childhood-onset lupus nephritis (LN), and to explore the risk factors for progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Methods: In this retrospective study, the clinical data including general conditions, clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, treatment, following up (till December 31st, 2020) and prognosis of 343 children with LN who were treated and followed up in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2019 were analyzed. Complete remission rates were compared between different pathological types according to renal biopsies and flare rates were compared between complete remission group and partial remission group according to the treatment effectiveness after 6 months of induction treatment. To investigate the risk factors of ESRD, the prognosis of flare and non-flare cases, and of cases with normal and elevated serum creatinine levels at baseline, was compared. Chi-squared tests were used for comparison between groups, and cumulative survival rate and renal survival rates were calculated by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Risk factors for ESRD were analyzed by COX regression model. Results: Among the 343 children, 68 were males (19.8%) and 275 were females (80.2%) with a median age of 13.0 (11.0, 16.0) years. Regarding the renal symptoms, 305 (88.9%) children had proteinuria and 245 (71.4%) had hematuria; while for extra-renal manifestations, 273 (79.6%) had anemia, 183 (53.4%) had rashes and 165 (48.1%) had fever. A total of 212 (61.8%) children had severely active SLE at initial presentation. After 6 months of induction treatment, the complete remission rate was 63.8% (219/343) and the partial remission rate was 27.1% (93/343). The complete remission rate was significantly higher in type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ LN compared to type Ⅳ LN (10/12 vs. 82/135 (60.7%), χ²=3.936, P=0.047). One hundred and ten children who achieved remission, including complete remission and partial remission, experienced renal flare with a flare rate of 35.3% and a mean time to flare was (43.2±28.4) months. There was no significant difference in flare rates between complete and partial remission group (36.1% (79/219) vs. 33.3% (31/93), χ²=3.394, P=0.065). The follow-up time of all the children was 60.4 (32.3, 100.9) months. During the follow-up period, 15 children died and the cumulative survival rates at 3, 5 and 10 years were 97.2%, 96.4% and 93.3%, respectively; 14 children progressed to ESRD and the cumulative renal survival rates at 3, 5, and 10 years were 99.2%, 97.1%, and 93.4%, respectively. COX multivariate analysis demonstrated that elevated serum creatinine at baseline, nephritic flare and nephrotic flare were independent risk factors for progression of ESRD (hazard ratio (HR)=3.575, 21.550 and 8.590, 95%CI 1.127-11.341, 2.394-194.027 and 1.042-70.823, P=0.031, 0.006, and 0.046, respectively). Conclusions: Children with LN are characterized by high SLE disease activity and multi-system involvement at onset. After 6 months of induction treatment, most of LN children could achieve clinical remission but some would experience renal flare. Nephritic flare, nephrotic flare and elevated serum creatinine at onset are independent risk factors for the progression of ESRD in children with LN.目的： 总结儿童狼疮性肾炎（LN）的临床特征并分析其治疗效果及远期预后，探讨LN患儿进展至终末期肾脏病（ESRD）的危险因素。 方法： 回顾性分析2003年1月至2019年12月于中山大学附属第一医院治疗并随访的343例LN患儿的一般情况、临床表现、实验室检查、治疗、随访（截至12月31日）和预后情况等临床资料。根据肾活检病理的不同分型比较其完全缓解率；根据诱导治疗6个月后缓解情况分为完全缓解组和部分缓解组比较其复发情况；按复发情况分为无复发组、蛋白尿型复发组和肾炎型复发组；按起病时血肌酐有无升高分为血肌酐正常组和血肌酐升高组。组间比较采用χ²检验，采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析计算患儿存活率及肾脏存活率，ESRD的危险因素采用COX比例风险回归模型进行分析。 结果： 343例LN患儿中男68例（19.8%）、女275例（80.2%），发病年龄为13.0（11.0，16.0）岁。LN患儿的肾脏表现中蛋白尿305例（88.9%）、血尿245例（71.4%）；肾外表现中贫血273例（79.6%）、皮疹183例（53.4%）和发热165例（48.1%）。212例（61.8%）患儿起病时为重度狼疮活动。LN患儿诱导治疗6个月后完全缓解率为63.8%（219/343），部分缓解率为27.1%（93/343）；Ⅰ和Ⅱ型患儿的完全缓解率高于Ⅳ型［10/12比60.7%（82/135），χ²=3.936，P=0.047］。共110例（35.3%）诱导缓解（完全缓解和部分缓解）的患儿出现复发，复发时间为（43.2±28.4）个月，79例为完全缓解后复发，31例为部分缓解后复发，完全缓解和部分缓解患儿的复发率差异无统计学意义［36.1%（79/219）比33.3%（31/93），χ²=3.394，P=0.065］。343例患儿随访时间为60.4（32.3，100.9）个月。随访期间共15例患儿死亡，LN患儿3、5、10年的累积存活率分别为97.2%、96.4%、93.3%；共14例患儿进展至ESRD，LN患儿的3、5、10年累积肾脏存活率分别为99.2%、97.1%、93.4%。COX多因素分析显示起病时血肌酐升高、肾炎型复发和蛋白尿型复发为进展至ESRD的独立危险因素（风险比=3.575、21.550、8.590，95%CI：1.127~11.341、2.394~194.027、1.042~70.823，P=0.031、0.006、0.046）。 结论： 儿童LN起病时SLE疾病活动度高，常为多系统受累，经6个月诱导治疗大多数LN患儿可达到临床缓解，但部分患儿诱导缓解后复发；肾炎型复发和蛋白尿型复发、起病时血肌酐升高为LN患儿进展至ESRD的独立危险因素。.
Abstract The involvement of neuronal autophagy in traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains elusive. Previous investigations, as far as our knowledge extends, have modulated autophagy either through systemic administration of autophagy inhibitors/inducers or by eliminating key regulators of autophagy across all somatic cells, lacking specificity for neurons. Consequently, drawing conclusions from such studies may be muddled by inhibiting autophagy in other cell types, including astrocytes, microglia, and immune cells. To discern the precise role of neuronal autophagy in TBI, we generated tamoxifen-induced, neuron-specific, autophagy-deficient mice by crossing atg5flox/flox mice with map2-CreERT2 mice. We then induced TBI in either control mice or mice with neuron-specific autophagy deficiency. Our findings revealed that the absence of autophagy, specifically in adult neurons, led to exaggerated neurologic-deficit syndromes and more pronounced neuronal loss. Additionally, we demonstrated that neuronal autophagy is orchestrated by immunity-related GTPase family M member 1 (Irgm1) in neural injury, as evidenced by neuron-specific irgm1 knockout mice displaying a significant reduction in neuronal autophagy and heightened neuronal loss compared with control mice. Collectively, our data provide more conclusive evidence that fortifies the neuroprotective role of autophagy in TBI.
The WT1 variant is confirmed to be pathogenic for Denys–Drash syndrome (DDS), a rare disorder characterized by early-onset nephrotic syndrome and renal failure, pseudo-hermaphroditism, and a high risk of Wilms' tumor. Several cases of DDS presenting with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) have been reported. Here we report the case of a 2-year-old child who was diagnosed with WT1 missense variant, associated with DDS and initial presentation of aHUS. Complement factor H autoantibodies were negative. Complement regulatory system-related gene variants were not found, but a de novo heterozygous c.754G>A missense variant in exon 9 of WT1 gene was detected, resulting in a p. Asp252Asn substitution, by next-generation sequencing. The patient was a female morphologically but proved to be a genetic male because of karyotype 46, XY with normally developed female external genitalia. Bilateral nephrectomy and renal transplantation were performed 1 year later, and there was no recurrence of aHUS at 10 months after transplantation.
To observe the induction efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide under different complete remission (CR) criteria in children with proliferative lupus nephritis, and to further explore the factors influencing the judgment of remission.From 2003 to 2019, children who diagnosed proliferative lupus nephritis underwent induction therapy of MMF or CYC in three hospitals were consecutively collected. Based on this population, we compared CR rates between two groups under six CR criteria selected from related recommendations and clinical trials. Then degrees and impact factors of disagreement among CR rates evaluated by selected criteria would be analyzed by Kappa test and multivariable logistic-regression models.A total of 161 children were included in this study, 27 patients received induction therapy of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and 134 patients recieved cyclophosphamide (CYC). Under different CR criteria, CR rates in MMF group fluctuated between 18.5%-74.1% and that in CYC group ranged from 16.4%-73.9%. Moreover, comparison between the two drugs in induction treatment under different criteria showed an opposite trend in efficacy. The results of six criteria were inconsistent, with pair-to-pair Kappa values ranging from 0.118 to 0.858. The most important factors leading to disagreement in judgment were urinary protein and urinary red blood cells.The definition of complete response, especially the factors of the urinary protein and urinary red blood cells, significantly impacts the clinical judgment of children with lupus nephritis.
Abstract Background Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by early-onset seizures predominantly attributed to genetic causes. Nevertheless, numerous patients remain without identification of a genetic cause. Methods We present four unrelated Chinese patients with SPOUT1 compound heterozygous variants, all of whom were diagnosed with DEE. We also investigated functions of SPOUT1 using the spout1 knockout zebrafish model. Results The four unrelated DEE patients with SPOUT1 compound heterozygous variants were all males. Their onset age of seizure ranged from 3 months to 6 months (median age 5 months). All patients had epileptic spasms, and were diagnosed with infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS). Three patients had microcephaly during infancy. Brain MRI in three patients showed white matter hypomyelination and bilaterally widened frontotemporal subarachnoid space. At the last follow-up, two patients exhibited drug-resistant epilepsy, one achieved seizure freedom following vigabatrin treatment, and one died at the age of 4 years and 5 months from probable sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Seven different SPOUT1 variants were identified in the four patients, including six missense variants and one deletion variant. AlphaFold2 prediction indicated that all variants alternated the number or the length of bonds between animo acids in protein SPOUT1. Neurophysiological results from spout1 knockout zebrafish revealed the presence of epileptiform signals in 9 out of 63 spout1 knockout zebrafishes ( P = 0.009). Transcriptome sequencing revealed 21 differentially expressed genes between spout1 knockout and control groups, including 13 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated genes. Two axonal transport-related genes, kif3a and ap3d1 , were most prominently involved in enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Conclusions This study identified SPOUT1 as a novel candidate gene of DEE, which follows the autosomal-recessive inheritance pattern. IESS is the most common epilepsy syndrome. Downregulation of axonal transport-related genes, KIF3A and AP3D1 , may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of DEE.
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