In Japan, a survey of children and their parents was conducted to assess national campaign “Sukoyaka Family 21” in 2009. Our aim was to clarify the relationship between pregnancy or childbirth satisfaction and willingness for subsequent pregnancy.
Methods
Children aged 3–4 months, 18 months, or 3 years who underwent medical check-up in 138 cities and their mothers were surveyed. Data from 5500 children aged 3–4 months and their mothers was analysed; this data included responses regarding willingness for subsequent pregnancy and pregnancy or childbirth satisfaction. Factor analysis was performed to verify existing categories of 15 items associated with pregnancy or childbirth satisfaction. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with the willingness for subsequent pregnancy, stratified by mothers9 age and parity.
Results
Factor analysis indicated that 4 factors influence pregnancy or childbirth satisfaction: medical care, family support, birthing facility, and support in the workplace and society. Multivariate logistic regression analyses in mothers having one child revealed that those aged 25–29 years and satisfied with the birthing facility [OR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.06 to 4.85] and those aged 30–34 [OR: 2.21, 95% CI 1.12 to 4.35] or >35 years [OR: 2.94, 95% CI 1.15 to 7.51] and satisfied with family support were significantly more willing for subsequent pregnancy. Among mothers having >2 children, no significant association was found.
Conclusion
Factors that influence willingness for subsequent pregnancy vary with mother9s age. Therefore, age should be considered when planning services and support for parturient women.
Abstract The Trail‐Making Test (TMT) is a neuropsychological test for evaluating executive function, and the TMT Part B reflects more complex cognitive processes including cognitive set shifting. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to be involved in these cognitive processes. The purpose of the present paper was to investigate PFC activation during performance of the TMT Part A and Part B using multichannel near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Subjects were 41 healthy right‐handed volunteers. The hemodynamic changes in the PFC during the TMT were measured on a 22‐channel NIRS machine. The subjects had a greater increase of oxygenated hemoglobin ([oxyHb]) during the TMT Part B than during Part A in the PFC. Twenty‐seven out of the 41 subjects had a bilateral increase of [oxyHb] in the PFC during Part B according to laterality index. NIRS detected activation in the PFC during the performance of the TMT Part B and this PFC activation may reflect executive functions including cognitive set shifting involved in the TMT Part B.
Aims The purpose of the present study was to investigate the correlation between cognitive function and clinical variables in people with schizophrenia. Methods The subjects were 61 stabilized outpatients with schizophrenia ( DSM‐IV ). Their mean age was 40.1 ( SD = 12.2) years. All subjects gave written informed consent to participate in the research. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, and the Drug‐Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale. Results The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Negative syndrome score was significantly correlated with verbal memory score (r = −0.37, P < 0.01), working memory score (r = 0.38, P < 0.01), attention and speed of information processing score (r = −0.51, P < 0.01), verbal fluency score (r = −0.39, P < 0.01), and composite score (r = −0.54, P < 0.01). In addition, the Drug‐Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale score was significantly correlated with attention and speed of information processing (r = −0.45, P < 0.01), and composite score (r = −0.41, P < 0. 01). Dose of antipsychotics and anti‐Parkinson drugs was not significantly correlated with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia scores. Conclusions These results indicate that cognitive dysfunction of people with schizophrenia might be associated with negative and drug‐induced extrapyramidal symptoms, suggesting that their minimization would be important for improving cognitive dysfunction.
Esports is a fastest-growing new field with a largely online-presence, and is creating a demand for automatic domain-specific captioning tools. However, at the current time, there are few approaches that tackle the esports video description problem. In this work, we propose a large-scale dataset for esports video description, focusing on the popular game "League of Legends". The dataset, which we call LoL-V2T, is the largest video description dataset in the video game domain, and includes 9,723 clips with 62,677 captions. This new dataset presents multiple new video captioning challenges such as large amounts of domain-specific vocabulary, subtle motions with large importance, and a temporal gap between most captions and the events that occurred. In order to tackle the issue of vocabulary, we propose a masking the domain-specific words and provide additional annotations for this. In our results, we show that the dataset poses a challenge to existing video captioning approaches, and the masking can significantly improve performance. Our dataset and code is publicly available 1 .
A dynamic reliability problem is considered where system components are operating in time. A general framework for analyzing the relationship of prior information and variance of a Monte Carlo estimator is developed. The variance of an estimator based on less prior information is less than that of an estimator based on more prior information. The first application derives a sequential destruction method as a special case in this general framework. The method uses the order of component failure as prior information instead of the time to failure of components. The second application shows that the use of less prior information than the order of component failure can circumvent difficulties faced by a state transition method. A numerical example is presented.< >
Objectives: This study examines the gender differences in the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and later growth in childhood. Design: Ongoing prospective cohort study, which is called ‘the Project Koshu’, initiated in the foetal stage to the age of 9–10 years. Setting: Koshu City which was in Japanese rural area Participants: The study population comprised children born between 1 April 1991 and 31 March 1999 in Koshu City, Japan, and their mothers. Maternal smoking during early pregnancy was the exposure studied. Main outcome measures: Childhood body mass index (BMI) and BMI z-score trajectories of the children born to the smoking and non-smoking mothers by gender. Multilevel analysis that includes both individual and age as different-level variables was used for statistical analyses. Results: The participating mothers delivered 1619 babies during the study period. Birth weight and anthropometric data were collected from 1603 (at birth, 99.0%), 1358 (at age 3, 83.9%), 1248 (at age 5, 77.1%), 1270 (at age 7–8, 78.4%) and 1274 (at age 9–10, 78.7%) of these children. The mean birth weight of both the male and female children whose mothers had smoked during pregnancy was significantly low compared with those born to non-smoking mothers (Po0.01). However, the childhood BMI at each subsequent checkup age significantly increased only among the male children born to the smoking mothers. Moreover, this increase was continuously observed after 3 years of age. The results of BMI z-score analysis were also similar to these of BMI analysis. Conclusions: Smoking by pregnant women decreases the infant birth weight irrespective of gender but increases childhood weight gain especially by male children. The results might be valuable to explore the mechanism of fetal programming. International Journal of Obesity (2011) 35, 53–59; doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.198; published online 5 October 2010
