Atelectasis after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can affect right ventricular (RV) performance by increasing its outflow impedance.The aim of this study was to determine whether a lung recruitment manoeuvre improves RV function by re-aerating the lung after CPB.Randomised controlled study.Single-institution study, community hospital, Córdoba, Argentina.Forty anaesthetised patients with New York Heart Association class I or II, preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction at least 50% and Euroscore 6 or less scheduled for cardiac surgery with CPB.Patients were assigned to receive either standard ventilation with 6 cmH2O of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP; group C, n = 20) or standard ventilation with a recruitment manoeuvre and 10 cmH2O of PEEP after surgery (group RM, n = 20). RV function, left ventricular cardiac index (CI) and lung aeration were assessed by transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) before, at the end of surgery and 30 min after surgery.RV function parameters and atelectasis assessed by TOE.Haemodynamic data and atelectasis were similar between groups before surgery. At the end of surgery, CI had decreased from 2.9 ± 1.1 to 2.6 ± 0.9 l min m in group C (P = 0.24) and from 2.8 ± 1.0 to 2.6 ± 0.8 l min m in group RM (P = 0.32). TOE-derived RV function parameters confirmed a mild decrease in RV performance in 95% of patients, without significant differences between groups (multivariate Hotelling t-test P = 0.16). Atelectasis was present in 18 patients in group C and 19 patients in group RM (P = 0.88). After surgery, CI decreased further from 2.6 to 2.4 l min m in group C (P = 0.17) but increased from 2.6 to 3.7 l min m in group RM (P < 0.001). TOE-derived RV function parameters improved only in group RM (Hotelling t-test P < 0.001). Atelectasis was present in 100% of patients in group C but only in 10% of those in group RM (P < 0.001).Atelectasis after CPB impairs RV function but this can be resolved by lung recruitment using 10 cmH2O of PEEP.Protocol started on October 2014.
BACKGROUND Capnoperitoneum and anaesthesia impair lung aeration during laparoscopy in children. These changes can be detected and monitored at the bedside by lung ultrasound (LUS). OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to assess the impact of general anaesthesia and capnoperitoneum on lung collapse and the potential preventive effect of lung recruitment manoeuvres, using LUS in children undergoing laparoscopy. DESIGN Randomised controlled study. SETTING Single-institution study, community hospital, Mar del Plata, Argentina. PATIENTS Forty-two children American Society of Anesthesiologists I–II aged 6 months to 7 years undergoing laparoscopy. INTERVENTIONS All patients were studied using LUS before, during and after capnoperitoneum. Children were allocated to a control group (C-group, n=21) receiving standard protective ventilation, or to a lung recruitment manoeuvre group (RM-group) (n=21), in which lung recruitment manoeuvres were performed after recording baseline LUS images before capnoperitoneum. Loss of aeration was scored by summing a progressive grading from 0 to 3 assigned to each of 12 lung areas, based on the detection of four main ultrasound patterns: normal aeration = 0, partial loss-mild = 1, partial loss-severe = 2, total loss-consolidation = 3. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Lung aeration score and atelectasis assessed by ultrasound. RESULTS Before capnoperitoneum and recruitment manoeuvres in the treated group the two groups presented similar ultrasound scores (5.95 ± 4.13 vs. 5.19 ± 3.33, P = 0.5). In the RM-group, lung aeration significantly improved both during (2.71 ± 2.47) and after capnoperitoneum (2.52 ± 2.86), compared with the C-group (6.71 ± 3.54, P < 0.001, and 8.48 ± 3.22, P < 0.001, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of atelectasis before capnoperitoneum and recruitment manoeuvres in the RM-group (62%) and in the C-group (47%, P = 0.750). However, during capnoperitoneum, only 19% of the RM-group had atelectasis compared with 80% in the C-group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The majority of children undergoing laparoscopy have anaesthesia-induced atelectasis. In most cases, lung collapse due to capnoperitoneum could have been prevented by recruitment manoeuvres followed by positive-end expiratory pressure. TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER NCT02824146.
The aim of this study was to analyse the psycholinguistic variables of the attributes and concepts involved in the recall of a concept. One hundred and twenty adults (18�40 years old) participated. A lexical recall task was administered by presenting a successive list of defining attributes. Forty concepts from different semantic categories were used. The attributes were obtained empirically from local Semantic Features Production Norms. The influence of the characteristics and attributes of the concepts on the number of participants who accessed the name of the concept and the correct guess trend was analysed. Significant values for Age of Acquisition, Presence of Distinctive Attributes and Presence of Taxonomic Attributes were observed. Results show that concepts which are acquired earliest are more easily recalled; presenting taxonomic categories narrows the search and the presence of distinctive attributes allow differentiating between such concepts within a category.
Local influence is a useful tool to detect abnormalities in regression models, Cook proposed this method in 1986 for classical regression models and, since then, numerous extensions have been developed. The aim of this paper is to derive methods to asses local influence under various perturbation schemes, for compound-Poisson regression models. These models can be applied to continuous data with positive probability in zero, and they are characterized by the variance function that defines the mean-variance relationship. Formulas are obtained to apply local influence methods for different perturbations and it is of particular interest the perturbation of the parameter that defines the mean-variance relation. These schemes are applied to perturbed data generated by simulations and the sensibility of the method is compared for different values of the parameters. Finally, a real data set about home expenditures is analyzed and local influence graphics are obtained to detect influential points.
Multivariate exponential dispersion models (MEDMs) were defined in 2013 by Jørgensen and Martínez. A particular case of MEDM is the bivariate Gamma model; in this article we prove that, under certain conditions, this is a limit distribution for MEDM generated by bivariate regularly varying measures, extending a previous result given by the aforementioned authors for the univariate case. As necessary tools for proving the main result, we use bivariate regularly varying functions and bivariate regularly varying measures; we also state a bivariate version of Tauberian Karamata’s theorems and a particular Karamata representation of bivariate slowly varying functions.
This study analysis the multivariate statistical relationships among cnidocyst types and tissues in terms of cnidocyst capsule size in the sea anemone O. muscosa. In a total of 12 individuals we measured the length of 30 unfired capsules of each cnida type, taken randomly from each of the following tissues: tentacles, acrorhagi, column, actinopharynx and mesenterial fila-ments. In these tissues, we found spirocysts, basitrichs, microbasic b-mastigophores, microbasic p-mastigophores and holotrichs. Thus, a total of 5400 measurements were made. Looking for a common pattern of variation, a principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on the data matrix, among cnidocyst types for each tissue and between tissues for each cnidocyst type. The results showed that the lengths of most cnidocysts, whether from the same or different tissues, are not statistically related to each other, suggesting that different forces (cnidogenesis, replacement dynamics, etc.), could affect in various forms the development and therefore the length of each cnida, depending on the type or tissue of origin.
Local influence is a useful tool to detect abnormalities in regression models, Cook proposed this method in 1986 for classical regression models and, since then, numerous extensions have been developed. The aim of this paper is to derive methods to asses local influence under various perturbation schemes, for compound-Poisson regression models. These models can be applied to continuous data with positive probability in zero, and they are characterized by the variance function that defines the mean-variance relationship. Formulas are obtained to apply local influence methods for different perturbations and it is of particular interest the perturbation of the parameter that defines the mean-variance relation. These schemes are applied to perturbed data generated by simulations and the sensibility of the method is compared for different values of the parameters. Finally, a real data set about home expenditures is analyzed and local influence graphics are obtained to detect influential points.