Saïda Kharrat

University of Carthage

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Abderrahmane Jerraya

Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie

Mark S. Hoddle

University of California, Riverside

A.A. Jerraya

CEA LETI

Carolina Calvo

Universidad Hispanoamerica

A. Jarraya

Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie

Francisco González-Alvarado

Universidad Nacional

Paul F. Rugman‐Jones

University of California, Riverside

Dhia Bouktila

University of Monastir

Richard Stouthamer

University of California, Riverside

Cam Oehlschlager

Istanbul Commerce University

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University of California, Riverside

University of California System

Jesus University

Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour

Universidad Hispanoamerica

Tunis El Manar University

Tunis University

Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie

CEA LETI

Georgia Institute of Technology

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Rearing of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in order to multiply the parasitoid Semielacher petiolatus Girault.

Saïda Kharrat A.A. Jerraya Mark S. Hoddle

The present work has shown that a citrus leaf can support the nutritive needs of 5 individual P. citrella. Beyond this number of feeding larvae leaf mortality results as larval densities increase. An increasing number of female P. citrella (> 6 females per suitable leaf) adversely affects rearing due to competition for oviposition sites and resource limitation for developing larvae. To maximize efficient production of P. citrella, a quantitative relationship between ovipositing females, larval densities, and leaf quality needs to be determined. Our results indicate that one ovipositing female should have access to six leaves under rearing conditions. INTRODUCTION To control exotic pests, classical biological control attempts to seek in the pest’s original country its natural enemies (e.g., the case of Aleurothrixus floccosus) for release in the invaded territory. Classical biological control has been used for citrus leafminer in different countries that have been recently invaded over the period 1993-1995 (Heppner, 1993; Beattie and Smith 1993; Garijo and Garcia, 1994; Anagnou-veroniki, 1995; Berkani, 1995; Ortu and al., 1995; Argov and Rossler, 1996; Aytas and al., 1996; Jerraya et al., 1996). One major difficulty has been the mass rearing of leafminers to supply to parasitoids being used in the biological control program. To maximise rearing efficiency we have investigated the precise conditions needed for maximum leafminer multiplication to mass rear parasitoids for of augmentative releases. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred two year old plants (Poncirus trifoliata), maintained in greenhouses were selected for rearing studies, pinched, and isolated in one of three cages (A, B, and C). These plants were carefully looked after and subjected to fertigation and pinching to promote healthy continuous growth. Seventeen days after pinching, grown leaves become suitable for oviposition by P. citrella. When P. citrella was released into cages with plants there were approximately 500 leaves/cage for females. We introduced 40, 80 and 160 couples respectively in cages A, B and C on June 11, 2002. These cages were kept inside an experimental greenhouse where temperature and humidity were controlled (average temperature 30°C and RH 80-90 %) (after Smith and Hoy, 1995). One week after inoculation the first batch of oviposition occurred and we focused on % of mortality, rate of infestation, rate of eclosion, number of eggs, of larvae and of pupae in each cage. This was followed a second set of observations done one week later (i.e., 15 days post-inoculation on June 25 2002). Statistical analyses were done using (SAS, 2000). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION P. citrella offspring 7 days after inoculation – Table 1 We found that: 1) The rate of P. citrella eclosion was the same whatever the cage density. This means that the activity of laying starts almost in a simultaneous manner for all the females and that the duration of incubation was comparable across the three cages stocked with different densities of ovipositing females. 2) The absence of the third instar larva in the three cages shows either there is a delay in oviposition or that the conditions of the cages were not favourable for rearing as under optimal conditions, the duration of the egg stage and first instar larva (L1) are 2 days and 1 day, respectively. 3) If the density of initial inoculation affects the rate of female oviposition in cages, we can say that this capacity is about 97 % in the cage A, 73% in the cage B, and declines to 59 % in the cage C. This suggests that increasing the density of ovipositing females in cages adversely affects oviposition rates. 4) Numbers of eggs laid per leaf were 5, 9, 18 in the cages A, B and C, respectively. Consequently survivorship rates of first and second instar larvae were affected, most likely a result of overpopulation and resource depletion which resulted in mortality rates of 6%, 65% and 79% for cages A, B and C, respectively. Oviposition deterring pheromones applied to leaves on which have freshly deposited eggs do not deter further oviposition by females under crowded conditions. 5) P. citrella has a male:female sex ratio of 1:1. Therefore, we can estimate that the number of females produced per cages was 40 in cage A, 80 in cage B and 160 in cage C. These female populations, laid 2470 eggs (494 x 500), 4720 (944 x 500) and 8975 eggs (1795 x 500) in cages A, B, and C, respectively. In this way, we calculated the fecundity per female per cage as 61 for cage A, 59 for cage B, and 56 for the cage C. The differences between the fecundity values were not significant and were similar to values considered as being around the average fecundity for female P. citrella.

Gracillariidae

Eulophidae

Encyrtidae

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The Invasion of Tunisia by Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Crossing an Ocean or Crossing a Sea?

Florida Entomologist (2017)

Paul F. Rugman‐Jones Saïda Kharrat Mark S. Hoddle Richard Stouthamer

The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an invasive and injurious pest of palms that has extended its native range from Asia to Africa, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean Basin. In 2010, the morphologically indistinguishable Rhynchophorus vulneratus (Panzer) was detected and subsequently eradicated in California, USA. In 2011, a population of palm weevils was detected in ornamental palms in Tunis, Tunisia. Uncertainty over the identity of the weevil population in Tunisia led to conflicting speculation that the source populations emerged from infested palms illegally imported from either the USA or Italy. Mitochondrial haplotypes of specimens collected at multiple sites around Tunis were compared with haplotypes from global populations of R. ferrugineus and R. vulneratus, confirming that the Tunisian populations were R. ferrugineus. Moreover, the Tunisian populations had the same fixed mitochondrial haplotype ubiquitous in invasive populations throughout the Mediterranean Basin, and we conclude that the Tunisian populations most likely originated from imported infested palms from Europe, and not from palms imported from the USA.

Rhynchophorus

10.1653/024.100.0220

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Lien entre la préférence d’oviposition et la performance subséquente des larves chez la mineuse des agrumes Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton [Lepidoptera : Gracillariidae]

Phytoprotection (2005)

Saïda Kharrat A. Jarraya

La femelle de la mineuse des agrumes Phyllocnistis citrella [Lepidoptera : Gracillariidae] recherche de façon préférentielle les jeunes feuilles, riches en éléments nutritifs, pour pondre ses oeufs et délaisse les feuilles âgées. La femelle a aussi tendance à revenir sur un hôte où un dépôt d’oeufs en surnombre a préalablement été effectué par d’autres femelles. Il s’en suit une forte mortalité larvaire. Toutefois, la taille des survivants n’est pas affectée parce que la régulation se fait par élimination des individus surnuméraires.

Gracillariidae

10.7202/011711ar

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Manque de croissance des rameaux infestés par Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) utilisés comme greffons

Entomologia Generalis (2006)

Saïda Kharrat Abderrahmane Jerraya

Gracillariidae

10.1127/entom.gen/28/2006/291

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Genetic diversity in different populations of citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Tunisia, assessed by RAPD-PCR

DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (2012)

Dhia Bouktila Saïda Kharrat Maha Mezghani‐Khemakhem Abderrahmane Jerraya Mohamed Makni

The citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is a major invasive pest of citrus in Tunisia. In order to help the implementation of an efficient integrated management strategy, it was essential to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of the pest. For this purpose, random-amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) was applied, using eight oligo-nucleotide primers, to reveal genetic variability among eight populations of P. citrella, originating from the north, center and south of Tunisia. A total of 66 RAPD markers and 33 phenotypes were generated. Inter-population polymorphism was revealed, using the percentage of polymorphic markers (62.12 %), mean number of phenotypes generated per primer (4.125) and mean genetic distance (0.199). Hierarchical analysis, using the UPGMA method, indicated that the genetic variability was influenced by the regional distribution. This pattern of population clustering was supported by Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCO). Yet, a weak correlation (0.69) was revealed between genetic and geographic distances, suggesting that climatic contrariety between the north and south of Tunisia plays a major role in the differentiation of P. citrella, leading to a restriction of gene flow between populations. Results obtained in this work show clear genetic differences, which should be considered in the development of control strategies.

Gracillariidae

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Elevage des parasitoïdes par la production en masse des larves de la mineuse des Agrumes Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Entomologia Generalis (2005)

Saïda Kharrat Abderrahmane Jerraya

Gracillariidae

10.1127/entom.gen/28/2005/115

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Relative captures and detection of male Ceratitis capitata using a natural oil lure or trimedlure plugs

Florida Entomologist (2024)

Saïda Kharrat Francisco González-Alvarado Carlos Rodríguez Carolina Calvo Cam Oehlschlager

Abstract Traps baited with a lure emitting a natural oil enriched in α-copaene captured more male Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) than traps baited with a 2 g plug of trimedlure during year-long trials in Tunisian citrus ( Citrus sinensis Osbeck, Rutaceae) and Costa Rican coffee ( Coffea arabica Linnaeus, Rubiaceae). In Costa Rica, traps were plastic McPhail traps while in Tunisia Tephriti traps were used. Trimedlure plugs were changed every six weeks while the natural oil lures were renewed every 12 weeks. During high population season, traps in all locations baited with the natural oil outperformed traps baited with 2 g plugs of trimedlure by 2–3 times. During the low season, a significantly higher percentage of traps baited with the natural oil caught at least one male medfly in comparison to traps baited with 2 g plugs of trimedlure in Tunisia, but statistical differences were not observed in Costa Rica. A longevity trial in Tunisia showed that traps baited with 16–18 weeks aged natural oil lures still captured statistically more male C. capitata than traps baited with 2 g plugs of trimedlure renewed every six weeks. These results show that traps baited with α-copaene lures are more sensitive than traps baited with the widely used 2 g trimedlure plugs.

Ceratitis capitata

10.1515/flaent-2024-0022

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