Abstract Background In Metro Atlanta, Georgia, annual HIV diagnoses among Hispanic/Latino (H/L) adolescents and adults have increased since 2014 (Figure 1), and four HIV molecular clusters, consisting primarily of Hispanic/Latino gay or bisexual men and other men who have sex with men (HLGBM), were identified in 2021. In March 2022, the Georgia Department of Public Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and four health districts of Metro Atlanta (Fulton, Gwinnett, DeKalb, and Cobb) launched an investigation to characterize the clusters, assess barriers to accessing HIV care and prevention services, and inform improvements to service delivery. Methods We described the four clusters using HIV surveillance data. We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with 29 HLGBM and 28 providers through purposive sampling. Iterative analyses were conducted daily, comparing findings across interviews to identify commonly mentioned barriers to accessing HIV care and prevention services. Results The four clusters varied in size (5–42 members) and proportion of H/L members (41–100%); one cluster included members reporting injection drug use (14%) (Table 1). Viral suppression among cluster members was high across clusters (87–100%). Overarching reported barriers to accessing medical services included lack of culturally and linguistically concordant services, fear of deportation, transportation, and financial barriers (Table 2). LGBTQ and HIV stigma, low STD/HIV awareness, low access to primary care and HIV screening in primary and urgent care settings, and limited community outreach and marketing were common barriers to accessing HIV prevention services. For pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) specifically, fear of being perceived as promiscuous, limited PrEP knowledge, and concerns with side effects were barriers. Navigating the healthcare system was noted as the primary challenge in HIV care. Conclusion The investigation of four clusters affecting HLGBM identified opportunities to improve access to HIV prevention and PrEP services for this population. State and local partners are planning cluster response activities, including ways to provide low-barrier culturally and linguistically concordant services (Table 3). Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.
Sumoylation, the process by which the ubiquitin-related SUMO protein is covalently attached to lysine side chains in other proteins, is involved in numerous processes in the eukaryotic cell, including transcriptional repression. In this study, we identify Gcn5, the histone-modifying subunit of the transcriptional regulatory complex SAGA, as a sumoylation substrate in yeast. In vitro, multiple sumoylation of recombinant Gcn5 alone or as a trimer with its interacting proteins Ada2 and Ada3 did not affect Gcn5's histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity, suggesting that modification of Gcn5 with yeast SUMO (Smt3) may not directly regulate its HAT function. Through site-directed mutagenesis, the primary in vivo sumoylation site was identified as lysine-25, although an unsumoylatable K-to-R mutation of this residue led to no obvious in vivo effects. However, fusion of SUMO to the N-terminus of Gcn5 to mimic constitutive sumoylation resulted in defective growth on 3-aminotriazole media and reduced basal and activated transcription of the SAGA-dependent gene TRP3. Taken together with recent identification of multiple additional subunits of SAGA as sumoylated proteins in vivo, these data suggest that Gcn5 sumoylation may have an inhibitory role in transcriptional regulation.
Supplementary Table 2 from Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Pathway Is a Major Determinant of Doxorubicin Cytotoxicity in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>
Kan strandkrabbor paverka blamusslors tillvaxt? Kunskapen om hur organismer anpassar sig till olika miljoer ar av stor betydelse for att kunna forsta deras evolutionara historia och for att kunna forutse hur de kan komma att paverkas av ett forandrat klimat. Vissa organismer kan anpassa sig till forandringar i miljon genom att anta en ny fysisk skepnad, nagot som kallas for fenotypisk plasticitet. Detta innebar att en och samma gen kan uttrycka olika fysiska egenskaper, sa kallade fenotyper, for att bast anpassa organismen till den nya miljon. Den har formagan kan i manga fall fungera som en forsvarsmekanism mot exempelvis predatorer och darmed oka en organisms chans av overlevnad. En organism vars fenotyp forandras genom att de blir storre och far tjockare skal ar blamusslan (Mytilus edulis). Man vet sedan tidigare att blamusslor pa Sveriges vastkust ofta ar storre an de pa ostkusten men hittills har ingen kommit underfund med varfor det ar sa. Eftersom strandkrabbor (Carcinus maenas) ar ett vanligt hot for blamusslor pa vastkusten, ar det mojligt att dessa musslor anvander sig av fenotypisk plasticitet for att skydda sig mot strandkrabbor. Detta skulle kunna forklara varfor blamusslorna pa vastkusten ar storre. Jag har darfor undersokt huruvida blamusslor fran ostkusten som vanligtvis inte utsatts for strandkrabbor reagerar med fenotypisk plasticitet nar de utsatts for doft fran strandkrabba. I mitt forsok samlade jag in blamusslor fran Oresund (vastkusten) och norra Ostersjon (ostkusten). Sedan matte jag blamusslornas langd, bredd och hojd och placerade dem i behallare med vatten fran strandkrabba eller i behallare med vatten utan doft fran strandkrabba. Salthalt och temperatur var den samma i bada. Efter 2 veckor avslutades experimentet och matt togs pa blamusslornas langd, bredd, hojd och krossvikt. Resultatet fran studien visade att det fanns en tendens for blamusslor som utsattes for doft fran strandkrabbor att klara mer vikt/tryck pa skalen an de som inte utsattes for strandkrabbor. Detta skulle kunna tyda pa att skalen blev tjockare och forstarkt och att formagan att reagera med fenotypisk plasticitet finns bade hos musslor pa vast och ostkusten. Kanske ar det sa att genflodet mellan kusterna ar tillrackligt stor och att musslorna nar de ar i sina larvstadier kan forflytta sig mellan kusterna. Detta skulle forklara varfor man endast sag skillnad pa musslorna nar de utsattes for olika behandlingar och inte nar de kom fran olika geografiska platser. Resultatet visade aven att det fanns skillnader i hojd mellan musslorna pa vast respektive ostkusten redan innan experimentet borjade, vilket kan ha paverkat resultaten. Nagra skillnader i langd, bredd och hojdtillvaxt efter behandling gick inte att upptacka hos musslorna. For att kunna dra nagra avgorande slutsatser om experimentet hade studien behovt paga nagra veckor till och mer data hade behovts samlats in. Examensarbete for kandidatexamen i Biologi 15 hp 2019 Biologiska institutionen, Lunds Universitet Handledare: Anders Persson & Per Carlsson Akvatisk ekologi – Lunds Universitet (Less)
