Summary: Effect of antiatherogenic high density lipoprotein (HDL) and apolipoprotein AI(apoAI) on production of prostaglandin E2(PGE2) by human monocyte-derived macrophages wasinvestigated. Macrophages were loaded with acetylated low density lipoprotein followed by incuba-tion with HDL3 or apoAI. PGE2 produced and secreted in culture supernatant was quantified by en-zyme immunoassay. HDL3 induced production of PGE2 by macrophages in a time-dependent man-ner. 24 h after incubation, PGE2 production by HDL3-treated macrophages increased 3. 7-fold ofthat by control cells. ApoAI also induced PGE2 secretion to 2. 1-fold, which was significantly lessthan HDL3. The data indicate that both HDL3 and lipid-free apoAI enhance PGE2 synthesis and se-cretion by human macrophages and this may further contribute to the protection from atheroscle-rosis.
Background Insulin‐like growth factors (IGF) and their corresponding receptors and binding proteins are important in carcinogenesis for several tumours, but their expression pattern in the functionally and biologically heterogeneous human neuroendocrine tumours of the gastroenteropancreatic tract is largely unknown. Materials and methods This study searched for the mRNA expression patterns of components of the IGF system: IGF‐1 and IGF‐2, IGF receptors 1 and 2 (IGF‐1R, IGF‐2R), IGF‐binding proteins 1–6 (IGFBP1–6)) in the most frequent human gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (gastrinomas, insulinomas, tumours associated with carcinoid syndrome and functionally inactive tumours) employing reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Results In the 37 tumour samples analysed (nine gastrinomas, 10 insulinomas, nine tumours associated with carcinoid syndrome and nine functionally inactive tumours) IGFBP‐2 was found in all tumour samples while the IGFBP‐1 was expressed only at low frequency (10–22%) among the four tumour types. The IGF‐2R was predominantly expressed in gastrinomas. Among the four tumour types the expression of IGF‐1R, IGF‐2R and IGFBP‐6 varied significantly. In addition, 12 pairs of significantly coexpressed IGF system components were detected (IGF‐1 ↔ IGF‐1R, IGF‐1 ↔ IGF‐2R, IGF‐1 ↔ IGFBP‐3, IGF‐1 ↔ IGFBP‐6, IGFBP‐3 ↔ IGF‐1R, IGFBP‐6 ↔ IGF‐1R, IGFBP‐1 ↔ IGF‐2R, IGFBP‐3 ↔ IGF‐2R, IGFBP‐5 ↔ IGF‐2R, IGFBP‐3 ↔ IGFBP‐5, IGFBP‐3 ↔ IGFBP‐6, IGFBP‐5 ↔ IGFBP‐6). Conclusions The described differences of the expression patterns of the IGF system components in neuroendocrine tumour subtypes suggest tumour type‐dependent different pathways in tumour growth control by IGF system components.
One of the key goals of incident management is the rapid clearance of traffic incidents. Many transportation agencies focus their incident management on quicker and more reliable detection techniques. Another focus, however, should be the reduction in time required by law enforcement officers to complete on-scene investigations of crashes. As the price of high-quality digital cameras has steadily declined, more agencies are beginning to use photogrammetry as a method for accident investigation and reconstruction. The investigative time needed for certain crash sites is reduced because taking photographs is quicker and simpler than employing other methods typically used, such as coordinate and the total station survey method. Pictures are taken at the site and then brought back to the office and analyzed to obtain measurements of the scene. The analysis can be very time-consuming; therefore, the trade-off for reduced field time and road closure time is increased analysis time. Many law enforcement agencies in Virginia, including the Virginia State Police, use the total station survey method for accident investigation and reconstruction. Its main disadvantages are its relatively high cost and complexity, with the latter necessitating extensive training on how to use the system. Because of these factors, it is often the case that only a few systems and operators are available. Given the commitment of the Virginia State Police and other law enforcement agencies to total stations, the purpose of this study was to determine if photogrammetry is a valid tool for accident investigation and reconstruction in Virginia. The scope was limited to reviews of the literature and the state of the practice. Findings and conclusions are provided regarding the use of photogrammetry in Virginia and the United States, its advantages and disadvantages, associated legal issues, and its cost. The report recommends that the Virginia Department of Transportation in conjunction with the Virginia State Police undertake several case studies of accident investigation and reconstruction at either mock or real crash scenes in which both total station and the most current photogrammetry methods are used and compared.
Heart failure is a complex syndrome which is due to a problem with the structure or function of the heart which impairs the ability of the heart to function as a physiological pump to meet the body’s need. Heart failure is a common disabling condition. In developing countries, around 2% of adults suffer from heart failure, but in those over the age of 65, this increases to 6— 10%(1). Heart failure also causes a heavy burden on state’s economy. The health expenditure on patients with Heart Failure has been estimated to be around 2% of the total budget of the National Health Service in the United Kingdom, and more than $35 billion in the United States (1,2). Heart failure is associated with significantly reduced physical and mental health, resulting in a markedly decreased quality of life. With the exception of heart failure caused by reversible conditions, the condition usually worsens with time. Although some patients survive many years, progressive disease is associated with an overall annual mortality rate of 10 %(1).
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