Background: Importance of non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) in the aetiopathogenesis of human infections has increased considerably in recent years. Their higher rate of isolation from a wide variety of clinical specimens necessitates their identification and characterization.
Material and Method: A total of 5,369 bacterial isolates were obtained from 12,591 various clinical samples. All the samples were processed on Blood agar and MacConkey agar medium and identified according to standard protocol.
Result: Out of 5,369 isolates, 478 were identified as non-fermentative bacteria. Out of NFGNB strains isolated, the predominant numbers were that of P. aeruginosa 337 (70.5%) followed by other Pseudomonad’s 63 (13.1%) and other Non-fermenters 78 (16.4%). Out of strains of other non-fermenters (78) predominant number was that of Acinetobacter anitratus (34), followed by Acinetobacter lwoffii (17), Alcaligenes xylosoxidans (10), Alcaligenes denitrificans (10) and Alcaligenes faecalis (7). The most sensitive drugs against non-fermenter isolates were found imipenem followed by amikacin.
Conclusion: There is enough reason to believe that they are associated with human disease process. Therefore, careful attempts must be made for their isolation and identification from various clinical specimens.
Keywords: NFGNB, Acinetobacter anitratus, Alcaligenes denitrificans, Imipenem
Detailed pachytene morphology of chromosomes of Impatiens balsamina L. var. bicolor with two accessory chromosomes (2n=14+2B) has been analysed. The two B chromosomes always pair to form a bivalent which behaves normally during meiosis. All the chromosomes were analysed individually on the basis of total length of chromosomes, length of chromatic and achromatic segments, arm ratio and an idiogram was drawn, chromosome 5 has the nucleolar organiser in its long arm, chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 have submedian centromere, chromosome one has a median centromere and chromosome 6 has a subterminal centromere. The B chromosome has a nearly median centromere, the short arm has two chromomeres and the long arm has five chromomeres and may have originated from chromosome number six as a result of deletion and translocation. However these Bs do not pair with any of the A chromosomes during meiosis.
Abstract Due to waning immunity following primary immunization with COVID-19 vaccines, booster doses may be required. The present study assessed a heterologous booster of SII-NVX-CoV2373 (spike protein vaccine) in adults primed with viral vector and inactivated vaccines. In this Phase 3, observer-blind, randomized, active controlled study, a total of 372 adults primed with two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (n = 186) or BBV152 (n = 186) at least six months ago, were randomized to receive a booster of SII-NVX-CoV2373 or control vaccine (homologous booster of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BBV152). Anti-S IgG and neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) were assessed at days 1, 29, and 181. Non-inferiority (NI) of SII-NVX-CoV2373 to the control vaccine was assessed based on the ratio of geometric mean ELISA units (GMEU) of anti-S IgG and geometric mean titers (GMT) of nAbs (NI margin > 0.67) as well as seroresponse (≥ 2 fold-rise in titers) (NI margin −10%) at day 29. Safety was assessed throughout the study period. In both the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 prime and BBV152 prime cohorts, 186 participants each received the study vaccines. In the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 prime cohort, the GMEU ratio was 2.05 (95% CI 1.73, 2.43) and the GMT ratio was 1.89 (95% CI 1.55, 2.32) whereas the difference in the proportion of seroresponse was 49.32% (95% CI 36.49, 60.45) for anti-S IgG and 15% (95% CI 5.65, 25.05) for nAbs on day 29. In the BBV152 prime cohort, the GMEU ratio was 5.12 (95% CI 4.20, 6.24) and the GMT ratio was 4.80 (95% CI 3.76, 6.12) whereas the difference in the proportion of seroresponse was 74.08% (95% CI 63.24, 82.17) for anti-S IgG and 24.71% (95% CI 16.26, 34.62) for nAbs on day 29. The non-inferiority of SII-NVX-CoV2373 booster to the control vaccine for each prime cohort was met. SII-NVX-CoV2373 booster showed significantly higher immune responses than BBV152 homologous booster. On day 181, seroresponse rates were ≥ 70% in all the groups for both nAbs and anti-S IgG. Solicited adverse events reported were transient and mostly mild in severity in all the groups. No causally related SAE was reported. SII-NVX-CoV2373 as a heterologous booster induced non-inferior immune responses as compared to homologous boosters in adults primed with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BBV152. SII-NVX-CoV2373 showed a numerically higher boosting effect than homologous boosters. The vaccine was also safe and well tolerated.
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