There is increasing evidence that botulinum neurotoxin A may affect sensory nociceptor fibers, but the expression of its receptors in clinical pain states, and its effects in human sensory neurons, are largely unknown.We studied synaptic vesicle protein subtype SV2A, a receptor for botulinum neurotoxin A, by immunostaining in a range of clinical tissues, including human dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons, peripheral nerves, the urinary bladder, and the colon. We also determined the effects of botulinum neurotoxins A and E on localization of the capsaicin receptor, TRPV1, and functional sensitivity to capsaicin stimuli in cultured human dorsal root ganglion neurons.Image analysis showed that SV2A immunoreactive nerve fibers were increased in injured nerves proximal to the injury (P = 0.002), and in painful neuromas (P = 0.0027); the ratio of percentage area SV2A to neurofilaments (a structural marker) was increased proximal to injury (P = 0.0022) and in neuromas (P = 0.0001), indicating increased SV2A levels in injured nerve fibers. In the urinary bladder, SV2A nerve fibers were found in detrusor muscle and associated with blood vessels, with a significant increase in idiopathic detrusor over-activity (P = 0.002) and painful bladder syndrome (P = 0.0087). Colon biopsies showed numerous SV2A-positive nerve fibers, which were increased in quiescent inflammatory bowel disease with abdominal pain (P = 0.023), but not in inflammatory bowel disease without abdominal pain (P = 0.77) or in irritable bowel syndrome (P = 0.13). In vitro studies of botulinum neurotoxin A-treated and botulinum neurotoxin E-treated cultured human sensory neurons showed accumulation of cytoplasmic vesicles, neurite loss, and reduced immunofluorescence for the heat and capsaicin receptor, TRPV1. Functional effects included dose-related inhibition of capsaicin responses on calcium imaging after acute treatment with botulinum neurotoxins A and E.Differential levels of SV2A protein expression in clinical disorders may identify potential new targets for botulinum neurotoxin therapy. In vitro studies indicate that treatment with botulinum neurotoxins A and E may affect receptor expression and nociceptor function in sensory neurons.
La mdecine d'entreprise n'est qu'un des aspects de la mdecine du travail. Son rle est prventif et est d'amliorer les conditions d'hygine et de scurit sur les lieux du travail. Durant l'poque coloniale et aprs l'indpendance des pays concerns, ici les tats africains francophones au sud du Sahara, elle n'a pas connu la mme volution en mtropole et dans les territoires d'outre-mer. La mdecine du travail, participant de plusieurs missions en matire de sant et de plusieurs formes juridiques dans son fonctionnement, peut paratre plurale, ou ambivalente. La premire partie de cette tude traite de l'intgration du service mdical et sanitaire d'entreprise dans le droit du travail. La deuxime partie montre que, par sa mission, la mdecine du travail s'apparente beaucoup aux institutions de scurit sociale dont elle emprunte les fonctions maints gards; de ce fait, la mdecine du travail est une institution insre dans le droit de la scurit sociale. Bien que ralisant deux fonctions distinctes et complmentaires, l'exercice de la mdecine du travail par l'intermdiaire d'un service mdical et sanitaire d'entreprise suppose un contrle et une responsabilit partags entre le droit social et le droit civil (troisime partie).
Recently, there has been serious concern expressed over the fact that traditional architecture's language, its system of representation and indeed, its technology are excluded from the industrial future and hence from training, due to modern technology. Consequent upon this, the immense capital know - how held by building - related craft-trades, is disparaged as a pre- industrial and historical phenomenon and, as such banned from technical training and economic practice and retained merely as a subject for archaeology and arts and craft history courses. Thus, we are faced with a scandalous reduction in the productive capacities of society as a whole and with the radical impoverishment of basic democratic choices relating to vocations and trades and, generally, with the means of human self -expression. This study, therefore, seeks to establish the authenticity or otherwise of these allegations against modern technology. In doing this, a careful study was made of the developments in architecture with respect to its historical antecedents, specifically from the pre- World War 2 to the modern architectural era, 1945 till date. Findings from the study, however, show that, to a reasonable extent, the allegations are true. Recommendations have, therefore, been made in order to ensure the enhancement of the future survival of traditional architecture and the crafts that gave birth to it .
The aim of the study was to investigate characteristics of low‐frequency components in respiration. Sixteen healthy term infants were examined from the first day up to the 6th month of life. The respirogram, instantaneous respiratory frequency and respiratory amplitude of undisturbed segments of quiet sleep phases and periodic breathing (PB) were analysed via fast Fourier transformation. The peak frequency (PF) in the low‐frequency range (0·04–0·2 Hz) was determined. PF for PB ranged from 0·056 to 0·1 Hz. Further, low‐frequency rhythms (LFR) of the respirogram, which were stable during the recordings as well as during development, were found ranging from 0·045 to 0·067 Hz. The LFR of the respirogram is correlated with rhythmic changes in the relationship between inspiratory and expiratory amplitudes. The frequency of the LFR was significantly lower than that of the PB. The data indicate that LFR and PB are low‐frequency respiratory rhythms which are separately controlled and perform independently.
