Nigel C. Cook

Stellenbosch University

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Gerard Jacobs

Stellenbosch University

J. Keulemans

KU Leuven

L. Allderman

Hortgro Science

Inge De Wit

KU Leuven

Paul Cronjé

Citrus Research International

Dirk U. Bellstedt

Stellenbosch University

Karen Maguylo

Stellenbosch University

Etienne Rabe

Stellenbosch University

J. Egea

Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura

José Antonio Campoy

Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research

Cooperative Institutions

Stellenbosch University

KU Leuven

Hortgro Science

Agricultural Research Council of South Africa

Institute for Deciduous Fruit, Vines and Wine

Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura

University of Pretoria

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

University of KwaZulu-Natal

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Endogenous cytokinin distribution patterns at budburst in Granny Smith and Braeburn apple shoots in relation to bud growth

Scientia Horticulturae (2001)

Nigel C. Cook Dirk U. Bellstedt Gerard Jacobs

Malus

Apical dominance

Lateral shoot

Habit

10.1016/s0304-4238(00)00161-8

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Citations (46)

Freezing temperature treatment induces bud dormancy in ‘Granny Smith’ apple shoots

Scientia Horticulturae (2005)

Nigel C. Cook An Bellen Paul Cronjé Inge De Wit Wannes Keulemans

Malus

Chilling Requirement

Bud

10.1016/j.scienta.2005.03.009

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Citations (30)

Suboptimal Winter Chilling Impedes Development of Acrotony in Apple Shoots

HortScience (1999)

Nigel C. Cook Gerard Jacobs

In 1997, 1-year-old, unbranched, ≈1-m-long shoots of the apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh.) rootstock `Merton-Immune 793' (MI.793) were selected at random from two commercial stoolbeds in the Western Cape, South Africa, during the dormant period. One site has mild winters [307 Utah Chill Units (CU) in 1997, 34°S, 300 m] while the other is moderately cold (1497 CU in 1997, 33°S, 950 m). In 1998, `Granny Smith' shoots were collected from a mature orchard in another warm area (574 CU in 1998, 34°S, 116 m). Shoots were prepared and forced at 25 °C with continuous illumination. During dormancy the developmental rate was determined of the terminal bud, and of both distally and proximally situated lateral buds, with or without the inhibitory influence of a distal disbudded shoot piece (10 cm long). In the moderately cold area, the growth rate of the terminal bud increased shortly before spring budburst such that a weak acrotonic tendency was established. The shorter dormant period, as experienced with the mild winters common to the apple-growing regions of the Western Cape, impeded the full development of acrotony and subsequent apical control. With less chilling (mild areas) a basitonic tendency remained. Budburst was slower and more erratic, and inhibition by the distal shoot parts was accentuated. Delayed foliation may be due more to correlative inhibition than to endodormancy. When lateral buds are released from paradormancy they exhibit a growth potential similar to, or, with less chilling, even greater than, that of the terminal bud. This permits a greater expression of autonomy between shoots.

Malus

Orchard

Bud

Lateral shoot

10.21273/hortsci.34.7.1213

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Citations (48)

Pruning Affects the Development of Correlative Phenomena among Lateral Shoots in Dormant Two-year-old `Royal Gala' Apple Branches

HortScience (2004)

Paul Cronjé Gerard Jacobs Nigel C. Cook

Two-year-old apple branches, ≈50 cm long, were selected from a commercial `Royal Gala' orchard in the Ceres (Koue Bokkeveld) region of the Western Cape, South Africa [33 °S, 945 m, 1500 Utah model chilling units (CU)]. In 2000, the branches received either cold storage at 5 to 7 °C or natural chilling in the field. In 2001, the trial was repeated, but only with field chilling. The branches received five dormant pruning treatments: control (not pruned); pruning back to the fourth lateral shoot (heading) before or after chilling; and removal of the second and third lateral shoots (thinning) before or after chilling. After pruning and chilling, the branches were removed from the orchard or cold room every 2 weeks and forced in a growth chamber at 25 °C. The rate of budburst (1/days to budburst) was determined for the terminal buds of the lateral shoots. Lateral shoots on the 2-year-old branches were categorized according to position: the most distal extension shoot, and all other laterals grouped. Removing distal tissue by pruning (heading more than thinning) enhanced the effect of chilling on the terminal buds on the lateral shoots and promoted budburst. Pruning was more effective before than after chilling. Pruning enhanced the growth potential of the terminal buds on proximal shoots on 2-year-old branches.

Orchard

Pruning

Lateral shoot

Thinning

Malus

10.21273/hortsci.39.5.965

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Citations (3)

Quantification of bearing habit on the basis of lateral bud growth of seven pear cultivars grown under conditions of inadequate winter chilling in South Africa

Scientia Horticulturae (2002)

Pierre du Plooy Gerard Jacobs Nigel C. Cook

Habit

Bud

10.1016/s0304-4238(02)00009-2

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Citations (11)

Postharvest quality of ‘Laetitia’ and ‘Songold’ (Prunus salicina Lindell) plums as affected by preharvest shading treatments

Postharvest Biology and Technology (2005)

Xavier John Murray D.M. Holcroft Nigel C. Cook S.J.E. Wand

Preharvest

Prunus salicina

Shading

10.1016/j.postharvbio.2005.02.014

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Citations (40)

Evaluation of Phenotypic Markers for Early Selection of Tree Architecture in 2-year-old Apple Seedlings

Acta Horticulturae (2004)

Inge De Wit Nigel C. Cook J. Keulemans

Tree (set theory)

Source

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Citations (2)

Chilling response of ‘Granny Smith’ apple lateral buds inhibited by distal shoot tissues

Scientia Horticulturae (2001)

Nigel C. Cook Dirk U. Bellstedt

Malus

Lateral shoot

Apical dominance

10.1016/s0304-4238(00)00246-6

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Citations (18)

High temperatures and time to budbreak in low chill apricot ‘Palsteyn’. Towards a better understanding of chill and heat requirements fulfilment

Scientia Horticulturae (2011)

José Antonio Campoy David Ruiz Nigel C. Cook L. Allderman J. Egea

Chilling Requirement

Vegetative reproduction

10.1016/j.scienta.2011.05.008

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Citations (44)

The Expression of Acrotony in Deciduous Fruit Trees: A Study of the Apple Rootstock M.9

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science (1998)

Nigel C. Cook Etienne Rabe J. Keulemans Gerard Jacobs

One-year-old shoots of apple ( Malus ×domestica Borkh.) rootstock Malling 9 (M.9 clone Nic 29), ≈60 cm long without sylleptic side shoots, were selected randomly from a commercial stoolbed in Belgium, prepared, and forced at 25 °C and 16 hours daylength to follow bud developmental rate in different positions along a 1-year-old shoot. The number of buds that reached green tip was recorded daily until 50% of shoots exhibited budburst. The evolution of dormancy of the terminal, an upper lateral, and a lower lateral bud was followed throughout the dormant period. The influence of a distal disbudded shoot piece and Promalin [3000 mg·L -1 N -(phenylmethyl)-1 H -purine 6-amine and 3000 mg·L -1 gibberellins A 4 +A 7 without a wetting agent] application on the developmental rate of these buds was evaluated. Bud developmental rate decreased during winter and increased to a maximum before budburst in spring. The distal shoot-forming ability or acrotonic branching habit in apple appears to be mediated via a greatly increased developmental rate of the terminal bud relative to the upper and lower lateral buds, respectively. The proximal budbursting tendency or basitony exhibited in early winter was weak compared to the acrotony that developed in the last month before budburst in spring. Lateral buds showed a lower developmental rate than the terminals when inhibited by a distal disbudded shoot piece, so that resultant overall growth habit within the shoot remained acrotonic throughout the dormant period. Promalin application in winter did not restore the bud developmental rate associated with spring budburst. These results are discussed with reference to observations of trees growing under conditions of insufficient winter chilling.

Lateral shoot

Apical dominance

Malus

Habit

Primordium

Bud

10.21273/jashs.123.1.30

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Citations (55)