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The Himalayan mountain range is one of the most species-rich areas in the world, harboring about 8% of the world's bird species. In this study, we compare the relative importance of immigration versus in situ speciation to the build-up of the Himalayan avifauna, by evaluating the biogeographic history of the Phylloscopus/Seicercus warblers, a speciose clade that is well represented in Himalayan forests. We use a comprehensive, multigene phylogeny in conjunction with dispersal-vicariance analysis to discern patterns of speciation and dispersal within this clade. The results indicate that virtually no speciation has occurred within the Himalayas. Instead, several speciation events are attributed to dispersal into the Himalayas followed by vicariance between the Himalayas and China/Southeast Asia. Most, perhaps all, of these events appear to be pre-Pleistocene. The apparent lack of speciation within the Himalayas stands in contrast to the mountain-driven Pleistocene speciation suggested for the Andes and the East African mountains.
Journal Article Microgeographic variation in shell characters of Littorina saxatilis Olivi—a question mainly of size? Get access PER SUNDBERG PER SUNDBERG 1University of Göteborg, Department of Zoology, P.O. Box 250 59, S-400 31 Göteborg, Sweden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 35, Issue 2, October 1988, Pages 169–184, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00464.x Published: 14 January 2008 Article history Received: 06 December 1987 Accepted: 06 April 1988 Published: 14 January 2008
Ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea) have traditionally been described and classified based on a combination of internal and external morphological characters.The extent, and wealth of details, of these descriptions vary both over time and amongst authors.In addition, definitions of characters and character states are in many cases vague, causing problems both for identification and in phylogenetic analyses.Here, we suggest a system of describing nemerteans based on a list of characters and their states with the actual description in the form of a vector of character state symbols.We argue that this system makes it easier for other systematists to extract the necessary characters/character states for comparative and phylogenetic analyses.The proposed list of characters can also act as a checklist for nemertean description, whereby hopefully ambiguities (such as does the nonmentioning of a character actually mean 'missing' or just not looked for) can be avoided in the future.We describe two new species and one new genus Carinina ochracea sp.nov.and Raygibsonia bergi gen.et sp.nov.using this concept in combination with molecular analyses based on 18S and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) DNA sequences.
Resolving the deep relationships of ancient animal lineages has proven difficult using standard Sanger-sequencing approaches with a handful of markers. We thus reassess the relatively well-studied phylogeny of the phylum Nemertea (ribbon worms)—for which the targeted gene approaches had resolved many clades but had left key phylogenetic gaps—by using a phylogenomic approach using Illumina-based de novo assembled transcriptomes and automatic orthology prediction methods. The analysis of a concatenated data set of 2,779 genes (411,138 amino acids) with about 78% gene occupancy and a reduced version with 95% gene occupancy, under evolutionary models accounting or not for site-specific amino acid replacement patterns results in a well-supported phylogeny that recovers all major accepted nemertean clades with the monophyly of Heteronemertea, Hoplonemertea, Monostilifera, being well supported. Significantly, all the ambiguous patterns inferred from Sanger-based approaches were resolved, namely the monophyly of Palaeonemertea and Pilidiophora. By testing for possible conflict in the analyzed supermatrix, we observed that concatenation was the best solution, and the results of the analyses should settle prior debates on nemertean phylogeny. The study highlights the importance, feasibility, and completeness of Illumina-based phylogenomic data matrices.