Objective: To examine associations between milk consumption and incident heart disease and stroke.
Design: A representative population sample of men was asked to weigh and record their food intake for seven days. The total consumption of milk was obtained from these records. Details of all deaths and vascular events were …
A survey of the diets of a random sample of 81 women in one of the South Wales' valleys was conducted in 1966. The results are compared with a similar survey conducted in 1983. Total energy intake was 16% lower in 1983 than in 1966, the proportion of this obtained from fat hardly differed (42 and 41% in 1966 and 1983, respectively). The average consumption of meat was greater by approximately 20% in 1983 and of potatoes and bread lower by 50% and 20%, respectively, than in 1966. Estimates of alcohol intake showed a very marked increase between the two surveys though this was largely a reflection of a fall in the proportion of women who consumed no alcohol during the week of the survey.
Summary When developing a questionnaire, whether the questionnaire is to be used to estimate nutrient intakes or for other data, a large number of factors need to be considered. Each of these is discussed, providing guidance to help overcome many of the problems that may occur in data collection and analysis. For a questionnaire to estimate nutrient intakes, first considerations are: the nutrient(s) to be assessed; the foods containing the nutrient(s); food portion sizes. For all questionnaires, it is necessary to consider: whether the questionnaire will be self‐administered or administered; whether a computerised interview or paper form will be used; location of questionnaire completion; whether questions will be open or closed format; length of the questionnaire; sequence and wording of questions; data coding for computer analysis; range and compatibility checks on data. If estimating nutrient intakes, additional considerations are: how nutrient intakes will be calculated; processing of missing values; validation of intake estimates. For all questionnaires, a pilot study is also essential. It is vital that adequate consideration is given to all of these factors at the design stage of the questionnaire in order to ensure that data collection and analysis can be carried out both effectively and efficiently.
The Caerphilly Prospective Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD) Study is based on a sample of 2512 men aged 45–59 years when first seen. Nutrient intakes, estimated using a self-administered semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, are available for 2423 men (96%). Amongst these, 148 major IHD events occurred during the first 5 years of follow-up. Associations were examined between these events and baseline diet. Incident IHD (new events) was negatively associated with total energy intake: men who went on to experience an IHD event had consumed 560 kJ (134 kcal)/d (6%) less at baseline than men who experienced no event ( P = 0.01). The relative odds of an IHD event was 1.5 among men in the lowest fifth of energy intake, compared with 1.3,1.2,0.9 and 1.0 respectively for the other four fifths ( P < 0.05). The difference in energy intake was reflected in lower intakes of every nutrient examined. When expressed as a percentage of total energy, mean intakes of men who experienced an IHD event were virtually identical to those of men who did not. There was some evidence suggesting a positive association between total fat intake and IHD risk, but the trend was not consistent and not statistically significant. There was no association for animal fat. Alcohol consumption was negatively associated with subsequent IHD, but only in men who already had evidence of IHD at baseline ( P < 0.05). Dietary fibre, particularly from fruit and vegetables, was 7% lower in men who had an incident IHD event ( P < 0.05), but the difference was not independent of total energy. There was a trend of increasing IHD risk with decreasing vitamin C intake, the relative odds of an IHD event being 1.6 among men in the lowest one-fifth of the vitamin C distribution, but this was not statistically significant.
Journal Article Haematological prognostic indices after myocardial infarction: evidence from the diet and reinfarction trial (DART) Get access M. L. BURR, M. L. BURR *MRC Epidemiology Unit, PenarthSouth Glamorgan Correspondence Dr Michael L Burr. MRC Epidemiology Unit. Llandough Hospital. Penarth. South Glamorgan. CF6 1XX Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. M. HOLLIDAY, R. M. HOLLIDAY *MRC Epidemiology Unit, PenarthSouth Glamorgan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar A. M. FEHILY, A. M. FEHILY *MRC Epidemiology Unit, PenarthSouth Glamorgan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar P. J. WHITEHEAD P. J. WHITEHEAD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar European Heart Journal, Volume 13, Issue 2, February 1992, Pages 166–170, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060141 Published: 01 February 1992 Article history Received: 01 November 1990 Revision received: 04 February 1991 Published: 01 February 1992
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