This study compared the growth and development of the physique and physical fitness of young Japanese males who belong to sports clubs and those who did not based on longitudinal data obtained over four years. Physique and physical fitness tests were administered to 253 healthy male technical college students four times from the 9 to 12 grade. Subjects were divided into two groups: those who did not belong to an extra-curricular sports club (control group: CG, n = 126), and those who belonged to sports clubs (exercise group: EG, n = 127). Sit-ups, side-stepping, 20 m shuttle run, 50 m run and handball throwing tests and a total score were superior in the EG compared to the CG. Differences between the two groups in body mass, Rohrer’s index, six physical fitness tests (except for a handgrip and 50 m run), and the total score increased with grade. The CG was inferior in overall physical fitness to the EG, especially in whole body endurance. It is highly possible that sports club activities significantly and positively affect the growth and development young males during the growth period under 19-years-old and that inactivity inhibits the development of whole body endurance. Normal 0 0 2 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE
The immunosuppressants cyclosporine and FK506 have been used successfully in clinical transplantation, but both agents have various side effects. We have previously found that cyclosporine is prothrombotic and that FK506 is antithrombotic in an in vivo system. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of these agents on platelet reactivity and coagulation using an in vitro shear-induced hemostatic platelet plug-forming instrument, the hemostatometer.A purpose-built hemostatometer was constructed in our laboratory. The effects of cyclosporine and FK506 on platelet reactivity and coagulation were assessed under high shear stress using non-anticoagulated rat and human blood.FK506 significantly inhibited both platelet reactivity and coagulation. Cyclosporine also significantly inhibited coagulation, but a proaggregatory effect was observed at a final blood concentration of 0.05 mg/ml.The present in vitro results support our previous in vivo findings regarding the prothrombotic and antithrombotic effects of cyclosporine and FK506, respectively.
The effect of consuming bonito extract (BE) on cerebral blood flow was evaluated in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP), a cerebrovascular disease model. BE dissolved in drinking water was given to 5-week-old male SHRSP for 7 weeks. Tap water was given to the control group. At the age of 12 weeks, blood flow and vascular diameter were measured in the middle cerebral artery. Both cerebral blood flow and cerebral vessel width were greater in the BE group than in the control group. Also, stroke occurred in 7 (with death in 2) of the 8 animals in the control group but in none of the 6 animals in the BE group. To clarify its mechanism, the expressions of nitrogen oxide synthase (NOS) and the superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) in the brain were evaluated. NOS mRNA expression and SOD activity in the cerebrum were higher in the BE group. These results suggest that the consumption of BE suppresses the decrease of cerebral blood flow and reduces the risk of stroke to maintain vasorelaxation through the production of nitrogen oxide and suppression of active oxygen generation.
This study examines the relationship between the preference for different types of soup stock and the perception of umami taste by parents and school-aged children. The preferences of 54 children (10-11 years of age) and 52 parents for niboshi soup stock and niboshi-flavoured seasoning mix soup stock were evaluated by using a questionnaire. The subjects were classified into three groups: the niboshi group preferred niboshi soup stock (42% of the parents and 9% of the children); the seasoning mix group preferred seasoning mix soup stock (44% of the parents and 39% of the children); and the ambivalent group had no preference (14% of the parents and 52% of the children). In the seasoning mix group, the sensory score for umami taste with the seasoning mix soup stock was significantly higher than that with the niboshi soup stock (p<0.05). The scores for umami taste for both the niboshi and seasoning mix soup stock were lower with the children in the ambivalent group than with the children in the niboshi and seasoning mix groups (p<0.05). These results suggest that there was a relationship between the preference for different types of soup stock and the perception of umami taste.
SUMMARY 1. Effects of voluntary exercise on blood pressures, oxidative stress, urinary nitric oxide (NO) level and expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) mRNA were studied in stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP/Izm). 2. SHRSP at the age of 6 weeks were divided into four groups: (i) the control group, sedentary group; (ii) the l ‐NAME group, which was the sedentary control group given l ‐NAME (5 mg/kg per day) in drinking water; (iii) the exercise group, which was allowed to run voluntarily on running wheel attached to the metal cages; and (iv) the exercise plus l ‐NAME group which was loaded exercise and given l ‐NAME solution for 3 weeks. 3. The bodyweight and systolic pressure of rats were increased with age and the bodyweight of the rats in an exercise plus l ‐NAME group was less than control but systolic pressure in the exercise group were significantly lower than control. 4. Thrombotic tendency assessed by He‐Ne laser method in an exercise group was significantly decreased compared with the rest of the groups. 5. Urinary nitrite/nitrate level was significantly increased in the exercise group compared with before (6 weeks) and after exercise (9 weeks), but there were no significant differences in the rest of groups. 6. eNOS mRNA expression of aorta in the exercise group measured after exercise was significantly higher than the other groups. 7. Urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) level after exercise was significantly decreased in the exercise group compared with before exercise. 8. These results suggested that voluntary exercise decreased thrombotic tendency by increasing NO level through enhanced expression of eNOS mRNA and antioxidative effects.
In this study, we evaluated (a) the contribution of SLCO1B3 and UGT1A polymorphisms to the pharmacokinetics of telmisartan in two forms, a microdose (MD) and a therapeutic dose (TD); (b) linkage disequilibrium (LD) between UGT1A1 and UGT1A3; and (c) linearity in the pharmacokinetics of telmisartan between the two forms.Telmisartan was orally administered at MD condition (100 μg), and then at TD condition (80 mg) to 33 healthy volunteers whose genotypes were prescreened by DMET Plus. Plasma concentrations of telmisartan and its glucuronide were measured by LC-MS/MS, and population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed.No obvious effect of SLCO1B3 polymorphisms (334T>G, 699G>A, and rs11045585) on the pharmacokinetics of telmisartan was observed. The strong LD between UGT1A1*6 and UGT1A3*4a, and between UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A3*2a were observed. After both MD and TD administration, the mean area under the curve0-24 (±standard deviation) of telmisartan was significantly lower and higher in individuals with the UGT1A3*2a (TD, 1701±970 ng hr/ml; MD, 978±537 pg hr/ml) and *4a variants (TD, 5340±1168; MD, 3145±1093), respectively, compared with those in individuals with UGT1A3*1/*1 (TD, 2969±1456; MD, 1669±726). These results were quantitatively confirmed by population pharmacokinetic analysis. Nonlinearity of the dose-exposure relationship was observed between the MD and TD.The haplotypes of UGT1A3 significantly influenced pharmacokinetics of telmisartan and a strong LD between UGT1A1 genotype and UGT1A3 haplotype was observed. These findings are potentially of pharmacological and toxicological importance to the development and clinical use of drugs.
The effects of exercise and catecholamines on platelet reactivity or coagulation and fibrinolysis appear to be inconsistent. This may be partly due to the methods employed in previous studies. In the present study, we investigated the effects of acute aerobic exercise and catecholamines on the thrombotic status by a novel in vitro method, shear-induced hemostatic plug formation (hemostatometry), using nonanticoagulated (native) blood. Aerobic exercise (60% maximal O2 consumption) was performed by healthy male volunteers for 20 min, and the effect on platelet reactivity and coagulation was assessed by performing hemostatometry before and immediately after exercise. Exercise significantly increased shear-induced platelet reactivity, coagulation, and catecholamine levels. The effect of catecholamines on platelet reactivity and coagulation was assessed in vitro by adding catecholamines to blood collected in the resting state. The main findings of the present study are that elevation of circulating norepinephrine at levels that are attained during exercise causes platelet hyperreactivity and a platelet-mediated enhanced coagulation. This may be a mechanism of an association of aerobic exercise with thrombotic risk.
Each prefecture executes various efforts to achieve an increase in player numbers in competitive swimming and in players' competitive abilities. However, the result is a large difference in each prefecture. This study aimed to examine the change of participation rate in 2010 and 2015 in each prefecture. Participation rate is a result of dividing the number of inter-high school athletic meeting participants by the number of all Japanese high school athletes' federation enrollments for competitive swimming. Progress rate is the difference in participation rate in both years. If a progress rate was positive, it implied that 2015 is superior in terms of participation rate to 2010. Among males, progress rates for Yamagata (+5.0%), Tokushima (+4.3%), Niigata (+4.1%), Okayama (+3.4%), and Fukui (+2.5%) were higher (M+1.0SD); on the other hand, those for Ishikawa (-13.2%), Gunma (-5.3%), Wakayama (-5.3%), Akita (-5.3%), and Mie (-4.8%) were lower. Among females, progress rates for Tokushima (+20.0%), Okayama (+7.8%), Yamagata (+4.9%), Ehime (+4.1%), and Ishikawa (+3.8%) were higher; on the other hand, those for Yamanashi (-9.3%), Okinawa (-9.1%), Kagawa (-7.8%), and Saga (-6.4%) were lower (M-1.0SD).
