In renal transplantation, a high incidence of primary nonfunction is observed for kidneys retrieved from very young donors; the influence of HLA matching on kidney graft survival remains controversial. Biliary atresia unrelieved by Kasai's portoenterostomy is the most frequent indication for liver transplantation. The best management of this disease is a sequential strategy. The first step should be a portoenterostomy. It will prolong life for decades and perhaps cure one third of patients; when only partial biliary drainage is achieved, transplantation should be delayed as long as liver function remains stable and normal growth and development continue. The remaining children with no biliary drainage should be listed for liver transplantation as early as 6 months of age. Innovative techniques developed to overcome the extreme scarcity of small pediatric liver donors include the reduced-size liver graft, the split liver (one liver for two patients), and the left segmental graft retrieved from a living related donor.
Seventy-five cirrhotic patients were submitted to peroperative hemodynamic investigations including flow and pressure studies. Sixty-two patients with hepatopedal portal flow underwent a therapeutic end-to-site portacaval shunt (PC) in conjunction with arterialization of the portal vein and 13 with a stagnant flow a PC shunt alone. Thirty-five patients were operated on in emergency and 40 electively. In 61 patients portal flow was correlated with maximum perfusion pressure (r=0.66), and in 33 patients with the reduction of corrected sinusoidal pressure induced by the occlusion of the portal vein (r=0.72). Operative mortality, which was 3.5% for 57 class A and B patients and 55.5% for 18 class C patients, differed significantly (p less than 0.05) in emergency between arterialized (14.8%) and nonarterialized patients (62.5%). At the time this study was ended on July 15, 1981, the follow-up was over two years for all the patients. The five-year actuarial survival rate of the arterialized patients was 48% for the whole group and 56% for class A and B patients; the overall incidence of chronic encephalopathy was 20%. It is concluded that arterialization is a safe surgical procedure that could be beneficial in respect with operative mortality in emergency, late survival, and tolerance to portacaval shunt. However, a prospective randomized study such as the one undertaken in December 1979 is the only method to prove clearly that arterialization is really able to minimize the risk of encephalopathy and to prolong the long-term survival after portacaval shunt.
Purpose of review Recent progress in organ transplantation in children is illustrated by analysis of the most informative papers published during 2005–2006. Recent findings The review focuses on immunosuppression, steroid withdrawal or avoidance, living-related transplantation, long-term survival, drug-related nephrotoxicity, growth, and quality of life in solid organ transplantation. Summary Research on better, more selective, and safer immunosuppression must be pursued as well as the search for surrogate markers of tolerance. Long-term analysis is needed of quality of life beyond 10–15 years after transplantation.
The authors present the results of a single centre study of 587 liver transplants performed in 522 adults during the period 1984-2002. Results have improved significantly over time due to better pre-, peri- and post-transplant care. One, five, ten and fifteen year actuarial survivals for the whole patient group are 81.2; 69.8; 58.9 and 51.2%. The high incidence of de novo tumors (12.3%), of cardiovascular diseases (7.5%) and of end-stage renal function (3.6%) should be further incentives to tailor the immunosuppression to the individual patient and to direct the attention of the transplant physician to the long-term quality of life of the liver recipient.