The concepts of demography provide a means of combining the ecological approach to population growth with the genetical approach to natural selection. We have utilized the demographic theory of natural selection developed by Norton and Charlesworth to analyze life history schedules of births and deaths for populations of genotypes in Drosophila pseudoobscura . Our populations illustrate a stable genetic equilibrium, an unstable genetic equilibrium, and a case of no equilibrium. We have estimated population growth rates and Darwinian fitnesses of the genotypes and have explored the role of population growth in determining natural selection. The age-specific rates of births and deaths provide insights into components of selection. Both viability and fertility are important components in our populations.
This study was initiated to examine the accuracy of conventional food composition table-based estimation of intakes of energy, protein, lipid and carbohydrate, in comparison with chemical analysis. For this purpose, 66 women (at the ages of 29 to 54 years) in three locations in Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, volunteered to offer 24-hour food duplicate samples. A half of them were house-wives, and the remaining half were farmers or fishers. The duplicate samples were subjected 1) to the chemical analysis for daily intake of energy, protein, lipid and carbohydrate after official methods in Korea (measured values), and 2) to the estimation of intakes of the same items taking advantage of Korean Food Composition Tables (estimated values). The two sets of the results, i.e., the measured and estimated values, were compared by paired and unpaired t-test, and linear regression analysis. The estimated values correlated closely with the measured values, irrespective of energy or the three major nutrients. A close agreement was observed for energy intake (the estimated/measured ratio of >98%), and it was also the case for protein intake (101%). Under- and over-estimation was observed, however, in regard to carbohydrate (by −8%) and lipid intake (by +24%), respectively. It was concluded that the Korean Food Composition Tables are sufficiently accurate when applied for estimation of total energy intake as well as protein intake. Cares should be taken, however, in applying the tables for estimation of lipid and carbohydrate intake, because there may be the risk of over- and under-estimation for the former and the latter, respectively.
one provincial capital of Xian for estimation of nutrient intake in 2004-5.The results will be presented in this article to fill the information gap even in part.Nutrient intakes of adult women in late 1990s have been published previously based on the surveys conducted in Shandong [5], Shaanxi [6], and Jilin provinces [7], China. Materials and methods Survey sites, survey subjects and ethical considerationsSurveys were conducted in 2004-5 in kindergartens (KGs in short) in the national capital of Beijing and one provincial capital of Xian (Shaanxi province) (for locations, Figure 1).
Two farming populations participated in the present nutritional survey. One group consisted of rice producing farmers in Miyagi prefecture in north‐eastern Japan, and the other group was farmers in Okinawa prefecture in southern Japan where agricultural activity focuses on sugar cane and horticulture. The collection of 24‐hr total food duplicates was carried out in winter seasons, and was repeated twice with the first study in 1977–1981, and the second one in 1991–1992. In total, 154 and 128 food duplicates were collected for nutritional comparisons between the two prefectures at two different times. There was a significant reduction in intake of carbohydrate especially rice in Miyagi during this 10 year period. In Okinawa in contrast, the reduction in intake of carbohydrate and rice was positive but less remarkable. Thus, the rice consumption in 1990 was almost comparable between the rice producing prefecture and the prefecture that imports rice from other prefectures. Such reduction was associated with the relative decrease of cereals as the major protein source in Japanese daily food.
NAKATSUKA, H., SATOH, H., WATANABE, T. and IKEDA, M. Possible Urban- Rural Difference in Habitus of School Children in Sendai. Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 1990, 160 (1), 11-17-Right after a large-scale merge involving 2 cities and 2 towns in 1987-1988 to form an enlarged city of Sendai, the body habitus of school children (in the 6th year-grade in primary schools and 3rd year-grade in junior high schools) were compared among the 4 regions (called by the pre-merge names of Akiu, Izumi, Miyagi and Sendai). The analysis showed that primary school boys in Sendai are taller and heavier than the boys in Izumi, and Izumi boys are heavier than Akiu boys. In junior high schools, Izumi girls are taller than Sendai girls with smaller Rohrer's and Quetlet's index. The observation indicates that the difference in body habitus is present in agreement with variation in the extent of urbanization in the regions.
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