: Objective: The present study projected to the synthesis of 3b-Hydroxy-lup- 20(29)-en-28-oic acid analogues in order to evaluate their possible biological activity. In addition, the structure–activity relationship is also investigated. Method: BA derivatives were prepared by conjugating 3b-Hydroxy-lup- 20(29)-en-28-oic acid with different amines through carbomyl linkage. Structures of synthesized compounds were elucidated by spectral data. Cytotoxic evaluation was done by CAM assay and MTT assay. Results: Among the synthesized compounds, Compound 7showed a pronounced cytotoxicity in antiangiogenic assay as well as compound ECV-304 cell line. Compound 10 also showed good cytotoxic activity. While compounds 6 and 8 showed moderate activity against A-549 and MCF-7 respectively. Conclusion: It is concluded that synthesized BA analogues are biologically active and developed into useful anticancer agents.Key words: Triterpenoids, Lupenoic acid, Carbomyl Linkage, Anticancer activity, MTT Assay.
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (family: Menispermaceae) is well-known for its versatile biological properties and has been extensively subjected by numerous researchers for its phyto-chemical evaluation to exploit its therapeutic potential to its maximum. Efforts have also been aimed to enhance the yield of secondary metabolites from the plant for obvious benefits. Plant tissue culture is one such technique which has been frequently employed to serve the purpose. In the present study, a comparative assessment has been carried out by subjecting leaves obtained from Tinospora cordifolia and its callus to the preliminary phytochemical as well as microbial evaluation. The MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D + 6-BA + IBA (0.5 ppm each) was found to be the best combination for the initiation and development of the callus on leaf explants. At 2 mg and 4 mg concentration of callus extract, inhibition was obtained for both the organisms. However, equal concentration of leaf extract showed inhibition of E. coli only.
Background: In Ayurveda, metal and mineral-based formulations are popularly practised for their pleasant applicability and first-rate potency. There is no doubt about the safety and potency of Ayurveda Rasa Aushadhis if they are prepared and used as per the terms mentioned in the literature. For the globalisation of Ayurveda, safety and efficacy with quality control have become important affairs for the scientific presentation of truth/reality. The present study was undertaken to document and analyse the information from clinical records about gross safety and prescription trends of different Ayurveda Rasa Aushadhis. Methodology: Primary data collection was performed from 24 clinical centres of CCRAS through a prescribed format. Prescription records of patients during the last five years (1st April 2012 to 31st March 2017); irrespective of age, sex and religion, were analysed. Evaluation of these clinical records confined to prescription trends and consumption of 15 commonly prescribed Rasa Aushadhis (herbs-mineral formulations) was done to infer. Result and Observation: Overall, 1,09,307 patients were treated with prescribed Rasa Aushadhis, and there were no Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) or Suspected Adverse Reactions (SAR) or any untoward effects associated with the prescribed Rasa Aushadhis, during the full course of treatments as well as later/after follow-up. Analysis shows the conditions of clinical application of the Rasa Aushadhis were duly based on fundamental concepts of Ayurveda. Conclusion: Based on retrieved data from reported medical practices of Rasa Aushadhis in different clinical research facilities, the present study reveals the safety and rationale of using 15 commonly used Rasa Aushadhis across India. The study would certainly disseminate the merits of Ayurvedic Rasa Aushadhis in understanding gross safety and potency.
Swasthya Rakshan Programme (SRP) provides health care services through Ayurveda, an initiative of the Government of India that aims to survey and create alertness of essential health appliances to ameliorate society from its grassroots level. The present study aimed to survey the prevailing health standards of residents in certain districts of India and to record the prevalence of diseases among them according to their living conditions, food habits, lifestyle, education, occupation and other socio-economic status. Data was collected through a community-based cross-sectional survey conducted from April 2018 to March 2019 in 22 Districts of 19 states in India. A stratified multi-stage sampling design was adopted for the survey. Documentation of demographic profile, food habits, lifestyle, hygiene status, and existing health conditions was assessed. A pre-designed semi-structured questionnaire was used for the collection of the data. Before initiating the programme, written consent was obtained. In this study, from 162 selected villages/colonies/areas, a total of 562,913 population and 81,651 households were surveyed. Sixty-nine thousand three hundred nineteen patients were cared for various ailments through health camps. The study found that the most prevalent disease in the concerned population was ‘ Sandhivata’ (Osteo-arthritis), that is, 43.0%, followed by ‘ Dourbalya’ (Debility), that is, 11.7%. The study includes insightful analyses of comprehensive demographic and health indicators classified by various socio-economic categories. The collected data regarding the prevalence of diseases with their sociodemographic correlations may provide a better understanding of the locality and thus may help in all future health endeavours.
Protoplasts of uniform size were prepared from mononucleated conidiospores of Sporotrichum thermophile. Conidia were preincubated in glucose yeast extract medium at 45 C for 4 h. The conidia were collected resuspended in buffer containing 0.6 M KCl (as stabilizer), and incubated with Novozyme SP249 and Cellulase CP at 37 C for 6 h. The protoplasts were separated from cell wall fragments and intact conidia by centrifugation over 50% sucrose. The purified protoplasts were regenerated in glucose yeast extract broth after 7 h of incubation at 45 C.
Nanoscale materials are having direct and indirect impacts on the wellbeing of society. Nanotechnology is an emerging interdisciplinary area that is expected to have a wide range of implications in all fields of science and technology, such as material science, mechanics, electronics, optics, medicine, plastics, energy, and aerospace, etc. Nanoparticles are of current interest because of an emerging understanding of their possible effects on human health and environmental sustainability, and also owing to the increased output of man-made nanoparticles into the environment. In the case of drug delivery systems, nanoparticle delivery systems have been proposed as colloidal drug carriers. The key advantages of nanoparticles are (1) improved bioavailability by enhancing aqueous solubility, (2) increasing resistance time in the body (i.e., increasing half-life for clearance, increasing specificity for its cognate receptors), and (3) targeting drugs to specific locations in the body (i.e., their site of action). This results in concomitant reduction in the quantity of the drug required and dosage toxicity, enabling the safe delivery of toxic therapeutic drugs and the protection of non-target tissues and cells from severe side effects. It is increasingly used in different applications, including drug-carrier systems and to pass organ barriers such as the blood–brain barrier, cell membrane, etc. They are based on biocompatible lipids and provide sustained effects by either diffusion or dissolution. Nanoparticles are used in many different applications and are created by many different processes. The fundamental issue of nanotechnology lies in the fact that the properties of materials change dramatically when their size is reduced to the nanometer range. However, research is going on to synthesize nanostructured and nanophasic materials, and characterizing these nano-sized materials is also an emerging field posing lots of challenges to scientists and technologists. The formal definition of a nanoparticle is a "nano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale". Nanoparticles are a type of colloidal drug delivery system comprising particles with a size range from 10 to 1,000 nm in diameter. Their origins and properties are highly varied, making their study a rich branch of analytical science. Chemical properties of interest for nanoparticles include total chemical composition, mixing state (internal/external), surface composition, electrochemistry, and oxidation state, etc. Physical properties of interest include number and mass concentration, size, surface area, total mass, morphology, and optical properties, etc. Because of their very high surface area to mass ratio and high surface curvature, nanoparticles may be particularly chemically active.27 The origins and properties of nanoparticles are highly varied, making their study a rich branch of analytical science. It is important to have robust analytical approaches for characterizing nanoparticles to maximize the benefits from them while mitigating their impact. The development and characterization of nanoscale entities have motivated an upsurge in research activities on the discovery and invention of techniques to allow a better regulation on morphology, size, and dimensions in the nano-range. The present chapter represents the basics of various nanoparticles applied as drug delivery devices with their benefits, as well as the properties of the materials applied in their fabrication. It also encompasses the applications and principles of different analytical techniques used in nanoparticle characterization.
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