Abstract Ectopic breasts represent uncommon medical anomalies characterized by the presence of additional breasts situated outside the typical milk line. In this case report, we present a case encompassing dorsal ectopic breasts accompanied by three nipples. A 14-year-old teen girl presented with a significant dorsal mass, exhibiting no clinical manifestations except mild pain and a sense of heaviness. She underwent investigations, and a magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed a large, inadequately encapsulated congenital mass with a fatty composition, alongside intraspinal epidural engagement and a bony structure bridging the spinous processes from the C6 to the T3 vertebral bodies. She subsequently underwent excision of the entire mass. The histopathological analysis identified the presence of a mammary hamartoma. Follow-up at 2 weeks postoperatively showed that there were no further complications. Dorsal ectopic breast necessitates careful and comprehensive evaluation to either confirm or exclude the presence of occult spinal dysraphism prior to intervention to avoid complications.
Background: Stroke is ranked as the 3rd leading cause of mortality worldwide and the leading cause of disability in the United States. A diagnosis of diabetes is considered to be an autonomous risk factor for coronary heart disease and stroke. Objective: To find out the frequency of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus in acute ischemic stroke patients. Method: The current study was descriptive and cross sectional carried out at the Department of General Medicine, MTI-HMC, Peshawar for duration of six months from June, 2019 to December, 2019. In all patients the level of HbA1c levels of was determined in pathology department and their previous records were checked for any history of diabetes or anti diabetic medications. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 19. Results: In group 1st (40-60) there were 100 (44.05%) acute ischemic stroke patients while in group 2nd (61-80) 127 (55.94%) patients of acute ischemic stroke were recorded. The numbers of male patients were 147 (64.75%) while there were 80 (35.24%) female patients. Mean HbA1c level was observed as 6.2 ±1.44. Newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus was observed in 74 (32.59%) patients. Conclusion: Our study shows that 32.59% acute ischemic stroke patients had newly diagnosed diabetes. Therefore, our research suggests that diabetes mellitus is a common condition in those who have had an acute ischemic stroke. It is suggested that all patients with acute ischemic stroke be diagnosed with diabetes mellitus in order to lower long-term morbidity and death. Keywords: Acute Ischemic Stroke, Newly Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus, HbA1c.
Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening diabetic condition characterized by metabolic and homeostatic disturbances. KDA is a common condition in people with diabetes, especially in children and adolescents Objective: To compare ringer’s lactate versus 0.9% normal saline solution in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis Methodology: The study design was randomized control trial carried out at the Medical ‘A’ ward Khyber teaching hospital (KTH) Peshawar for a period of six months after synopsis approval. Patients were divided into two groups, groups A, receive 0.9% normal saline infusion and group B receive ringers lactate infusion. 82 subjects were included in each group. SPSS software version 20 was used for analyzing data. Results: In group B subjects, the serum bicarbonates level was higher than group A subjects (p=0.091). The Anion gap and blood PH level increases non-significantly in both the groups over a period of time (p=0.061). The mean hospital stay in group A and group B was 13.11 hours and 11.5 hours respectively (p=0.0031). The fluid quantity required in group A was more than group B (p=0.0031) Conclusion: When prescribing fluid, clinicians should always be cautious since any fluid may be dangerous if dosed wrongly. The ringer’s lactate was shown to be superior to 0.9 % normal saline in terms of alleviating DKA quicker in our study. Keywords: Diabetic ketoacidosis; 0.9 % normal saline; ringer’s lactate
Introduction: The frequent cause of liver disease in the whole world is due to Hepatitis C virus. According to the estimate the worldwide infection due to hepatitis C virus ranges from 150 to 200 million cases. Amongst these cases the chronic infection are found in about 85% cases. In the globe the most important cause of mortality and morbidity is Hepatitis C virus. In the whole world Chronic Liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma of about 25% is due to hepatitis C virus. Objective: To find out the occurrence of metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Materials and Methods: This study was Descriptive cross sectional research study, which was directed at Department of Medicine, Hayat Abad Medical complex, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The time duration for our study was 8 month. In our study about 147 patient were observed to find out the frequency of metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection Results: According to the results of our study, among 147 patients the analysis of age wise distribution was as follow; n= 20-25 Years 6(4.1%), 26-30 Years 26(17.7%), 31-35 Years 51(34.7%), 36-40 Years 28(19.0%), 41-50 Years 22(15.0%) and in 51-60 Years it was 14(9.5%). 49.12 years having standard deviation of ±2.142 was the mean age in our study. In our study gender wise distribution, amongst 147 patients 108(73.5%) were male while 39(26.5%) were female. 131(89.1%) patients were observed to have metabolic syndrome with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Conclusion: Our study concludes that there is no uncommon occurrence of metabolic syndrome in cases with HCV infection. There is significant association of metabolic syndrome with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) when HCV infection have more than 3 year’s duration. Keywords: Frequency; Metabolic Syndrome; Chronic hepatitis C virus infection; Mortality; Morbidity
Background: Stroke is the leading cause of both mortality and disability on a global scale. The documented incidence of cerebral hemorrhages at Pakistan's CT scan facilities varies from 31-40% of cases, whereas ischemic stroke is claimed to be responsible for 60-90% of cases Objectives: The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients presenting with stroke Methodology: The current study was descriptive and cross-sectional carried out at the Medicine Department, Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar for duration of six months February 2018 to August 2018. Patients were enrolled from both the emergency and accident department and outpatient department. The blood samples were taken and transferred to the hospital diagnostic laboratory for the assessment of deficiency of vitamin D in serum. The data analysis was done by using IBM SPSS version 16. Results: In this study, totally 341 patients were enrolled. There were 239 (70.09%) male patients while female patients were 102 (29.91%). The vitamin D deficiency in serum was observed in 50.1% patients. Conclusion: Stroke is still a calamity, and vitamin D could have played pivotal role in the pathogenesis of stroke. Since most of our population is already deficiency in 25-hydroxyvitamin D, therefore, relationship between stroke and vitamin D deficiency cannot be studied at hospital settings. We recommend more analytical research projects not only at hospital level but also at community level to draw conclusions about the relationship between vitamin D status and occurrence of stroke. Keywords: Stroke, Cerebrovascular accident, acute ischemic stroke, hypertension, vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D
Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) belongs to the family of Flaviviridae. Hepatitis caused by viruses are the major health problems globally affecting 2 to 15 million people annually. The prevalence of HCV varies from one area to another. Objective: To assess the sero- prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus at tertiary care hospital in district Bannu Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out at the department of Medicine, Khalifa Gulnawaz Hospital, Bannu for duration of six months from March 2021 to August 2021. All the information were recorded on the pre-designed proforma. Blood samples were taken from all the patients and sent to the diagnostic laboratory of the hospital for the screening of hepatitis C virus. All the data was analyzed statistically by using SPSS version 24. Results: Totally 444 patients were included in the study. 208 (63.60%) males were sero-positive for HCV and 66 (56.41%) females were sero-positive for HCV. The overall prevalence of hepatitis C was 61.71% (n=274). Most of the HCV positive cases (35.58%) were identified in 49-60 years of age group, followed by 1.83.9% in 37-48 years, 9.23 % 25-36 years and 4.07 13-24 years respectively. Conclusion: Our study concludes that hepatitis C virus is highly prevalent is district Bannu. To gain a better understanding, HCV genotyping study is required to determine which genotypes are circulating and to compare those genotypes to other circulating genotypes in Pakistan. Keywords: Sero-prevalence, Hepatitis C virus, Genotype
Introduction: Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by dengue virus (DENV) - a single stranded RNA virus, belongs to the genus Flavivirus. Objective: To determine the frequency of bleeding diathesis amongst patients presenting with dengue fever in tertiary care hospital Methodology: This study was descriptive cross-sectional piloted at the Medicine Department, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar for duration of six months from June 2021 to December 2021. Totally 135 patients were included in our study. All the information like gender, age, sign and symptoms and bleeding diathesis were recorded on predesigned Performa. All the data was analyzed by using SPSS version 24. Results: In this study, a total of 135 patients were included. Amongst 135, 90(66.7%) were males and female were 45(33.3%). Bleeding Diathesis among 135 patients was observed in 47(34.8%) patients. Conclusion: Our study concludes that bleeding diathesis commonly occur in dengue patients. As a result, screening for coagulation abnormalities and treating them early may assist to prevent additional consequences in dengue patients. Keywords: Bleeding; Diathesis, Dengue fever
Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is the most important public health issue affecting about 10% of the world adult population. Objective: To assess the frequency of Hepatitis C Virus in chronic kidney disease patients on regular hemodialysis at tertiary care hospital, Peshawar Methodology: This was descriptive cross sectional study, carried out at the Medicine department, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar for one year duration from December 2020 to December 2021. A total of 211 patients were observed in our study. All the data was statistically analyzed by using SPSS 23. Results: In our study, there were 140 (66.4%) male patients while female patients were 71(33.6%). Based on duration of illness, 149(70.6%) patients were in illness duration of 1-2 years while 62(29.4%) patients were observed in illness duration of more than 2 years (Table 1). The overall frequency of Hepatitis C virus was 68(32.2%) in patients with chronic kidney disease on regular hemodialysis Conclusion: In hospitalized CKD patients, the occurrence of hepatitis C ELISA antibody is considerably higher. To avoid hepatitis C infection spread, rigorous global infection control strategies must be applied in nephrology units. More research is required to evaluate whether detecting and treating hepatitis C in CKD patients reduces death rates or delays advancement to end-stage renal disease. Key words Hepatitis C Virus; Chronic kidney disease; Hemodialysis
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