SUMMARY A hydrogen electrolyzer for decomposition of stable compound H 2 O is essentially an electronic device that uses mainly electrostatic‐to‐chemical energy conversion to produce a stoichiometric H 2 + O 2 fuel. To achieve a breakthrough in the practical hydrogen electrolytic cell, we demonstrate the electrostatic induction potential superposed electrolyzer. This system operates on a mechanism in which, on a theoretical basis, the power used is 17% of the total electrical energy required, while the remaining 83% can be provided by electrostatic energy free of power. Because H 2 O is placed in its decomposition state in the electrostatic field where no current flows, the decomposition voltage is identified as a barrier potential that the electrolytic current must overcome by expending the major part of the total system power. The potential superposition method for supplying energy to the cell was found to avoid the barrier potential effect within the laws of thermodynamics. Combining a fuel cell for producing power from pure H 2 and O 2 in stoichiometric proportions with this type of hydrogen electrolytic cell in a closed energy cycle can achieve a highly positive H 2 balance.
Physical properties of niobium are deteriorated by interstitial impurities such as oxygen and nitrogen. The removal of these gaseous impurities was studied by electron beam (EB) melting and solid state external gettering with Ti, Y and Zr. The buttons and ingots were repeatedly remelted and refined by the EB furnace (max.; l4OkW). Subsequently, the external gettering for oxygen and nitrogen in niobium was carried out by wrapping samples with active metal foils and annealing in evacuated quartz ampoules over 1273K. The purity of refined niobium was characterized by its hardness, specific resistivity, internal friction and residual resistivity ratio (RRR={rho}{sub 273}/{rho}{sub 4.2}). The results of these measurements were compared with conventional gas analysis. Niobium was purified to the RRR of 100 through EB melting and 700 through external gettering.
There has been considerable interest recently in electric vehicles powered by lithium-ion batteries. To achieve electric vehicles with an infinite cruising range, a new method of charging the lithium-ion battery has been developed, which is termed “electrostatic-induction potential-superposed electrolytic charge (ESI-PSE)”. In ESI-PSE, the charge can be completed with power that 12% of power required for typical direct voltage application. The power generation unit consists of a pair of the same battery modules, in which the performance can be explained through consecutive cycles of alternate charge and discharge between two batteries; when the charge of one battery with the ESI-PSE mode is terminated, it becomes responsible for both the power to recharge the other battery and the power supplied to a motor. This power generator works with zero energy input, zero matter input and zero emission without violating the laws of thermodynamics. Because of simplicity, effectiveness, cleanliness and self-exiting, this specific propulsion system will offer potential route for automobile in the future.
This paper demonstrates the electric power generator with both zero energy input and zero matter input and emission without violating the laws of thermodynamics. The hydrogen redox power generation system is a combined energy cycle consisting of the H2O reduction by the electrostatic induction hydrogen electrolytic cell for the synthesis of pure stoichiometric H2-O2 fuel and the H2 oxidation to H2O by the fuel cell. The electrostatic induction potential superposed hydrogen electrolytic cell works on the mechanism in which, on the theoretical base, power used is 17% of the total electrical energy required, while the remaining 83% can be provided by the electrostatic energy free of power. Part of the power delivered by the fuel cell is returned to the electrolytic cell, and the remainder represents the net power output. For high power applications, the cycle power efficiency defined as the ratio of net power output outside the generator to power delivered by the H2-O2 fuel cell is of primary interest. According to calculations using the operational data of alkaline water electrolysis in industries, the cycle power efficiencies exceed 70%.
Oxygen partial pressure of the Cu2O–CaO melts in equilibrium with liquid copper under a magnesia saturated condition was measured at 1573 K by means of a solid electrolyte galvanic cell technique. The chemical composition of quenched oxide samples taken at 1573 K was determined by chemical analysis for copper, oxygen combined with copper, magnesium and calcium.The CaO content in CaO saturated cuprous oxide was 11.55 mass%. Solubilities of MgO in the Cu2O–CaO melts were less than 0.62 mass%. The activities of Cu2O and CaO in the oxide melts were calculated using the obtained oxygen partial pressures.
Attempts to cement the (Ti W) (C N) carbonitride with binder-metals to form hard alloys have been successful and promising as cutting tool applications. The (Ti W) (C N) solid solutions have ordinarily been prepared by mixing nitrides and carbides intimately and heating them together under vacuum until homogeneity is obtained.Because of non-affinity between W and N, this solid solution tends to be decomposed at high temperatures. Thus during the sintering procedure of these carbonitrides, nitrogen pressure has to be adjusted within a certain limit to the composition of the carbonitrides.This study has investigated the processes to prepare directly the (Ti W) (C N) solid solutions by carbothermic reduction of mixed constituent metal oxides at 2273 K and subsequent annealing under fixed nitrogen pressure at 1773 K, and has succeeded in synthesizing homogeneous and stoichiometry-controlled (Ti W) (C N) carbonitrides.The evaluation of the stability of the carbonitrides against nitrogen has been carried out by measuring the ralationship between nitrogen pressure and composition of the carbonitrides doped with Hf, Zr, Ta, Nb and Mo as the third metallic constituent, and it was found that the carbonitride can effectively be stabilized by adding these elements in this order.
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