An integral part of the process of creating high-performance computing systems designed to solve problems of numerical modeling of various physical processes is to check their compliance with the characteristics stated during their design. At the same time, there is a problem of evaluating the performance of computing systems on synthetic tests, which are significantly primitive in mathematical complexity to real applied problems. The article considers a set of test programs developed by the authors, which allows to more accurately assess the real performance of computing systems.
Chalcogenide glasses are novel highly non-linear materials for photonics. Modification of optical glasses by high-intensity femtosecond pulses is a novel fast developing technology based on non-linear effects. In this paper, the advantages of using the method of femtosecond modifications for the fabrication of highly non-linear 3D photonic structures in bulk chalcogenide glasses are overviewed. Design and modelling of chip-scale highly non-linear structures for all-optical signal processing are discussed.
Microresonators are very suitable for sensing application and investigation of nonlinear effects, due to their enormous quality factor and small mode volume. These properties can be extended to the mid-infrared spectral range by creating microresonators from chalcogenide glasses, which are transparent in the mid-infrared and have large third-order optical nonlinearity. We present the analysis of the nonlinear effects observation in chalcogenide microspheres created by inert gas heating.
Development of distant real-time analysis of substances content by means of the fiber-based evanescent wave mid-IR spectroscopy encounters many problems such as fragility of few-mode chalcogenide fibers with sub-wavelength-size core, limited power density of radiation in the few-mode fibers, large coupling losses between sensing elements and the few-mode fibers. Using of multimode chalcogenide fibers provide a solution that is discussed in this paper. Examples of numerical characterisation of multimode fibers prove their suitability for combined functionalities as sensing elements and nonlinear frequency converters in the fiber-based sensors.
Spherical microresonators based on whispering gallery modes (WGM) have been used for measuring the concentration of ammonia vapours. Because of their high Q-factors, the WGM microresonators are very sensitive to environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure and moisture. Adding a porous layer of silica (SiO 2 ) onto the sphere's surface makes such sensors sensitive to different kinds of vapours like ethanol, ammonia. etc.
Two realizations of the time-resolved pump-probe method have been applied to study comparatively the nonlinear optical response of chalcogenide glasses of the system As-S-Se illuminated by femtosecond laser pulses near their fundamental absorption band edge and near the two-photon absorption band edge. In such conditions, charge carrier's photo-excitation is going on with participation of gap states. By comparison of the results of measurements and numerical modeling, we have demonstrated that character of the nonlinear optical response depends on how a glass samples was illuminated. If the pump pulse frequency corresponded to the Urbach tail of a glass sample, the carriers trapping and excitons formation was followed by the excitons absorption and excitation of conduction electrons. If a sample was illuminated at the red-edge of its Urbach tail, the photo-excitation was going through the gap states, but excitation of conduction electrons was followed by excitons formation. Due to these peculiarities, calculated spacial distribution of the photo-induced refractive index variation in the sample was different depending on the illumination conditions.
We present a theoretical analysis of the refractometric sensitivity of a spherical microresonator coated with a porous sensing layer performed for different whispering gallery modes. The effective refractive index of the modes is also calculated. The calculations are also made for a system which has an additional high-refractive index layer sandwiched between the microsphere and the porous sensing layer. The results of the calculation are discussed in regards to the applicability of the studied systems for gas sensor construction.
In [1,2] we have proposed to use electromagnetic theory for analysis of radiation propagation in optical fibers immersed into an absorbing medium and applied this approach in design of chalcogenide sensing elements of the fiber-based evanescent wave sensors for the mid-IR spectroscopy of liquids. In theoretical treatment of the sensing elements made of unclad multimode fibers, ray optics was previously used. We have demonstrated that consideration of electromagnetic radiation propagating in a multimode fiber as a set of evanescent modes is efficient for revealing peculiarities of the evanescent wave sensing. For an unclad fiber, complex-valued propagation constants β=Re|β| + i· Im|β| of the evanescent modes can be found by solution of a characteristic equation [3], In fact, attenuation coefficients of the modes grow with increase of their radial m and azimuthal v orders (Fig. 1a) as well as with increase of wavelength (Fig. 1b). For selective excitation of evanescent modes with large attenuation coefficients 2· Im|β| in a sensing element, a source of coherent radiation is to be used. However a hybrid fiber-based element combining functions of sensing and supercontinuum generation can be designed because the group velocity dispersion (GVD) of the higher-order modes can be used to decrease the zero-GVD wavelength of chalcogenide glass (Fig. 1b inset). Besides the selective exciting of the evanescent modes, enhancing of attenuation coefficients in specially designed sensing elements can be applied. For a fiber with a multilayered cladding, a generalization of the exact finite difference method [4] based on solution of a linear system of equations written for longitudinal components of the electromagnetic field at the boundaries of the dielectric layers lias been used. For analysis of evanescent modes transformation at a fiber bend, the Wave Optics Module of Cortisol Multiphysics based on numerical solution of Maxwell's equations by using the finite-element method lias been applied. In this method, modes of a fiber bend are considered as modes of a straight fiber with a refractive index profile modified by using a conformai transformation. Attenuation coefficients of the modes grow with decrease of a bend radius (Fig.lc). Doubly degenerate modes are transformed at a bend at two modes having different polarizations and attenuation coefficients. We have revealed that in a bent fiber cross-section, there are energy flows oppositely propagating along the fiber axis (Fig. 1c, inset).