Abstract Heat stress is a detrimental abiotic stress that limits the development of many plant species and is linked to a variety of cellular and physiological problems. In this study, gene TaSSRP from the heat stress-tolerant wheat genotype Raj 3765 was functionally validated in transgenic tobacco for heat stress tolerance. The Relative Water Content (RWC), total chlorophyll content, and Membrane Stability Index (MSI) of the seven distinct transgenic lines (T 0 − 2 , T 0 − 3 , T 0 − 6 , T 0 − 8 , T 0 − 9 , T 0 − 11 , and T 0 − 13 ), increased in response to heat stress. Despite the fact that the same tendency was detected in wild-type (WT) plants, changes in physio-biochemical parameters were greater in transgenic lines than in WT plants. The expression analysis revealed that the transgene TaSSRP expressed from 1.00 to 1.809 folds in different lines in the transgenic tobacco plants. The gene TaSSRP offered resistance to heat stress in Nicotiana tabacum , according to the results of the study. These findings could help to improve our knowledge and understanding of the mechanism underlying thermotolerance in wheat, and the novel identified gene TaSSRP could be used in generating wheat varieties with enhanced tolerance to heat stress.
Living organism acquires and utilizes the nutrients from soil through a process called as nutrition for growth and development. These nutrients may be acquired from various sources. Plants and cyanobacteria harness the sunlight energy, which is converted to chemical energy by a process called as photosynthesis. Plants are the primary producers and are the main source of nutrients for most living organisms. Animals, including humans, require many nutrients for their vital functions and proper growth and developmental process that are only synthesized by plants. Therefore, to fulfill the global demand, there will be a need of adapting and improving crop varieties according to the changing climatic conditions; hence, it is an "endless talk." For millions of years, humans have selected desirable traits of crop plants, and presently the major cereal crops are domesticated from wild relatives which are the main source for human and animal nutrition. Thus, several tactics such as conventional and molecular breeding, transgenic approaches, and various agronomical practices provide a new area for the development of nutrient supplemented crops, hence ensuring food security. This chapter mainly focuses on methods currently used for improving nutritional quality of plants and how they are being subjugated to increase the level of particular nutrients in desirable plant species to improve human health.
Cucumber is a model plant for studying parthenocarpy with abundant slicing- and pickling-type germplasm. This study was undertaken to understand the role of the important cytokines (CKs), auxin (AUX) and gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis and degradation genes for the induction of parthenocarpy in slicing and pickling germplasm. Two genotypes of gynoecious parthenocarpic cucumber, PPC-6 and DG-8, along with an MABC-derived gynoecious non-parthenocarpic line, IMPU-1, were evaluated in this study. The slicing and pickling cucumber genotypes PPC-6 and DG-8 were strongly parthenocarpic in nature and set fruit normally without pollination. Endogenous auxin and gibberellin were significantly higher in parthenocarpic than non-parthenocarpic genotypes, whereas the concentration of cytokinins varied among the genotypes at different developmental stages. However, the exogenous application of Zeatin and IAA + Zeatin was effective in inducing parthenocarpic fruit in IMPU-1. Expression analysis with important CK, AUX, and GA biosynthesis-related genes was conducted in IMPU-1, PPC-6, and DG-8. The expression of the CK synthase, IPT, IPT3, PaO, LOG1, LOG2, CYP735A1, and CYP735A2 was up-regulated in the parthenocarpic genotypes. Among the transcription factor response regulators (RRs), positive regulation of CSRR8/9b, CSRR8/9d, CSRR8/9e, and CSRR16/17 and negative feedback of the CK signalling genes, such as CsRR3/4a, CsRR3/4b, CsRR8/9a, and CsRR8/9c, were recorded in the parthenocarpic lines. Homeostasis between cytokinin biosynthesis and degradation genes such as CK oxidases (CKXs) and CK dehydrogenase resulted in a non-significant difference in the endogenous CK concentration in the parthenocarpic and non-parthenocarpic genotypes. In addition, up-regulation of the key auxin-inducing proteins and GA biosynthesis genes indicated their crucial role in the parthenocarpic fruit set of cucumber. This study establishes the critical role of the CKs, AUX, and GA regulatory networks and their cross-talk in determining parthenocarpy in slicing and pickling cucumber genotypes.
To establish a resourceful tissue culture system to induce anthocyanin pigments, research was conducted to obtain high quality callus from leaf explant of Rosa hybrida cv. Pusa Ajay. Of the different treatments employed for callus induction using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, a treatment combination of 19.60 μM indole3-butyric acid (IBA) + 4.65 μM kinetin (Kin) + 108.6 mM adenine sulphate (AdS) gave the maximum induction coefficient (97.75 ± 1.11%) along with maximum gain in callus biomass accumulation. This treatment also resulted in the lowest fresh-and dry-cell weight ratio (26.52) suggesting actual gain in callus biomass accumulation. Correlation analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between callus induction coefficient and cell fresh-(r = 0.939) and dry-(r = 0.951) weight.
Background and Purpose: Although most strokes present with mild symptoms, these have been poorly represented in clinical trials. The objective of this study is to describe multidimensional outcomes, identify predictors of worse outcomes, and explore the effect of thrombolysis in this population. Methods: This prospective observational study included patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, a baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score 0 to 5, presenting within 4.5 hours from symptom onset. The primary outcome was a 90-day modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 1; secondary outcomes included good outcomes in the Barthel Index, Stroke Impact Scale-16, and European Quality of Life. Multivariable models were created to determine predictors of outcomes and the effect of alteplase. Results: A total of 1765 participants were included from 100 Get With The Guidelines-Stroke participating hospitals (age, 65±14; 42% women; final diagnosis of ischemic stroke, 90%; transient ischemic attack, 10%; 57% received alteplase). At 90 days, 37% were disabled and 25% not independent. Worse outcomes were noted for older individuals, women, non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics, Medicaid recipients, smokers, those with diabetes, atrial fibrillation, prior stroke, higher baseline NIHSS, visual field defects, and extremity weakness. Similar outcomes were noted for the alteplase-treated and untreated groups. Alteplase-treated patients were younger (64±13 versus 67±1.4) with higher NIHSS (2.9±1.4 versus 1.7±1.4). After adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and baseline NIHSS, we did not identify an effect of alteplase on the primary outcome but did find an association with Stroke Impact Scale-16 in the restricted sample of baseline NIHSS score 3–5. Few symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhages were recorded (<1%). Conclusions: A large proportion of stroke patients presenting with low NIHSS have a disabled outcome. Baseline predictors of worse outcomes are described. An effect of alteplase on outcomes was not identified in the overall cohort, but a suggestion of efficacy was noted in the NIHSS 3–5 subgroup. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT02072681.
The present investigation was carried out with three different growth regulators, namely GA3, IAA and NAA applied as dip treatments in two tuberose cultivars, viz. Calcutta Single and Calcutta Double. The vegetative characters like days required for sprouting could be manipulated with the application of 150 ppm A as dip treatment in both the cultivars (9.28 and 9.06 days, respectively). Besides, the important flower traits like vase-life of spike could be enhanced with the application of 100 ppm IAA in both the cultivars (13.0 and 11.57days respectively in Calcutta Double and Calcutta Single) compared to the control (9.0 and 11.0 days respectively). Even application of 100 ppm IAA increased the spike length (63.82 and 98.73 cm in Calcutta Double and Calcutta Single) compared to the respective control (57.27 cm and 84.29 cm). Application of 250 ppm GA3 as dip could enhanced the number of bulbs and bulblets per plant in both of the cultivars (25.50 and 18.46 respectively in Calcutta Double and Calcutta Single) compared to the respective control (18.6 and 12.0), thereby enhancing the propagation coefficient (825.11 and 456.78 respectively in Calcutta Double and Calcutta Single) than the respective control (729.09 and 409.09). It can be concluded that growth regulators as dip treatment directly influenced the vegetative, some of the floral and most of the bulbous characteristics.
A short post-harvest longevity remains a major limiting factor for many crops. Separation from plant leads quickly to ripening of fruits and senescence of flowers. In many species, ripening and senescence are ethylene-regulated. Thus, attempts have been made to retard the post-harvest processes by applying chemicals that inhibit ethylene synthesis. The long-term solution will probably be based on genetically modified plants with genes that either suppress synthesis or reduce sensitivity to ethylene. Several genes that confer ethylene insensitivity are known, e.g. tomato Nr and dominant mutants of Arabidopsis ethylene receptor sensor genes, ETR and ERS. Transformation with the etrl-1 allele delays fruit ripening, flower senescence and flower abscission of tomato and petunia. After the successful isolation of the Arabidopsis ethylene receptor gene ETR1, many ETR1-like genes has been isolated, based on sequence similarity and structural features, from various plant species. Characterization of ethylene receptor genes provides clues to understand how plants regulate their ethylene sensitivity. Therefore, an alteration of ethylene action is a valuable target for the genetic engineering of crops. Manipulation of ethylene biosynthesis or perception allows us to modulate these processes and thereby create plants with more robust and desirable traits, giving us a glimpse into the role of ethylene in the plant. The recent progress in genetic and protein analysis of ethylene receptors is summarized in this review. The possible strategies for altering the ethylene sensitivity of plants using ethylene receptor genes are also discussed.
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