Two near full-length genome (NFLG) sequences of HIV-1 with undefined subtypes were analyzed to confirm the recombinant characteristics. To analyze the gene recombination patterns and breakpoints of these two NFLGs, the phylogenetic trees based on the NFLG sequences and their subregions were constructed, respectively. Sequences 233 and 953 are novel second-generation recombinant forms of HIV-1 CRF01_AE and subtype B. The NFLG phylogenetic tree analysis showed that these two NFLG sequences formed a unique monophyletic branch, respectively. The recombination breakpoints analysis showed that the recombination pattern of both sequences was that a subtype B fragment was inserted into a CRF01_AE backbone. Subregions I, II, and III were from CRF01_AE, subtype B, and CRF01_AE, respectively. The recombination breakpoints relative to HXB2 of sequences 233 and 953 were 2400 and 4870, and 3363 and 4828, respectively. The emergence of novel recombinant forms of CRF01_AE/B demonstrates that we should carry out the ongoing surveillance of HIV-1 recombinant forms in the sexually transmitted population.
Background: In the Hebei province, Human Immunodeficiency Virus type one (HIV-1) recombinant strains of subtypes B, C, and CRF01_AE are emerging very rapidly and diversely. Objective: In order to confirm the characteristics of novel recombination forms, we aimed to analyze HIV-1 Near-full-length Genome sequences (NFLGs) obtained from three Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) in this study. Methods: Phylogenetic trees were constructed and breakpoints analysis was performed based on the NFLGs and each gene fragment to examine the gene recombination patterns of three new HIV-1 NFLGs. Results: HIV-1 subtypes CRF01_AE and B were combined to generate the recombinant structures of the NFLGs 610 and 687. CRF01_AE, B, and C were combined to generate the recombinant structures of the NFLG 825. According to the NFLG phylogenetic tree, the NFLG 825 clustered with CRF65_cpx and the NFLGs 610 and 687 clustered with CRF68_01B. The recombination breakpoints analysis revealed that the recombination pattern of the NFLGs 610 and 687 was the insertion of subtype B fragment into the CRF01_AE backbone. Subregions I, II, and III were derived from CRF01_AE, subtype B, and CRF01_AE, respectively. The recombination pattern of the NFLG 825 contained ten fragments of subtypes CRF01_AE, C, and B. Finally, the above factors were formed using phylogenetic trees and breakpoints analysis, which were combined to get two CRF68_01B forms and one CRF65_cpx form. Conclusion: Our findings have suggested that it is crucial to keep an eye on the genetic diversity of HIV-1 in Hebei province.
Osteoarthritis (OA) causes intestinal damage. The protective effect of probiotics on the intestine is indeed effective; however, the mechanism of protection against intestinal damage in OA is not clear. In this study, we used meniscal/ligamentous injury (MLI) to mimic OA in rats and explored the colonic protective effects of Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium on OA. Our study showed that treatment with B. subtilis and E. faecium attenuated colonic injury and reduced inflammatory and oxidative stress factors in the serum of osteoarthritic rats. α- and ß diversity of the fecal flora were not different among groups; no significant differences were observed in the abundances of taxa at the phylum and genus levels. We observed the presence of the depression-related genera Alistipes and Paraprevotella . Analysis of fecal untargeted metabolism revealed that histamine level was significantly reduced in the colon of OA rats, affecting intestinal function. Compared to that in the control group, the enriched metabolic pathways in the OA group were primarily for energy metabolisms, such as pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, and beta-alanine metabolism. The treatment group had enriched linoleic acid metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and primary bile acid biosynthesis, which were different from those in the control group. The differences in the metabolic pathways between the treatment and OA groups were more evident, primarily in symptom-related metabolic pathways such as Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, energy-related central carbon metabolism in cancer, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis metabolic pathways, as well as some neurotransmission and amino acid transport, and uptake- and synthesis-related metabolic pathways. On further investigation, we found that B. subtilis and E. faecium treatment enhanced the colonic barrier of OA rats, with elevated expressions of tight junction proteins occludin and Zonula occludens 1 and MUC2 mRNA. Intestinal permeability was reduced, and serum LPS levels were downregulated in the treatment group. B. subtilis and E. faecium also regulated the oxidative stress pathway Keap1/Nrf2, promoted the expression of the downstream protective proteins HO-1 and Gpx4, and reduced intestinal apoptosis. Hence, B. subtilis and E. faecium alleviate colonic oxidative stress and inflammation in OA rats by improving fecal metabolism and enhancing the colonic barrier.
Anaplasma marginale is a gram-negative rickettsial pathogen that can cause clinical anemia and death in cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of enrofloxacin (ENR) 100 mg/mL at a single subcutaneous dose of 5.7 mg/lb (12.5 mg/kg) for treatment of acute anaplasmosis (ANA) in mature beef cows (n=67). Following intravenous inoculation with A. marginale-infected blood, cattle were monitored for clinical signs of ANA. Upon meeting case criteria, cattle were randomly assigned to receive ENR or saline (SAL). Treatment success, defined as 28 d post-treatment survival and resolution of abnormal clinical scores, was 81.8% (27/33) and 44.1% (15/34) (P=0.0032) for ENR and SAL treated cows, respectively. Mortality was 47% (16/34) and 3% (1/33) in SAL and ENR, respectively (P=0.0027). Packed cell volume at 7, 14, 21, and 28 d post-treatment was significantly greater in ENR compared to SAL (P<0.05). In this study, ENR improved treatment success compared to SAL, reduced ANA mortality, and maintained greater packed cell volumes post-clinical signs compared to SAL. Extra-label use of fluoroquinolones in food animals is prohibited in the United States, but ENR (Baytril® 100-CA1) was recently conditionally approved for treatment of ANA.
To investigate the effect of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) on reducing HIV/AIDS related death.The analysis was conducted by using the data of 4,148 HIV/AIDS cases reported in Hebei province from 1989 to 2013. Regular follow-up, CD4 detection, registration of death were carried out for them. Free HAART has been provided to people living with HIV/AIDS who met the treatment requirement since 2003.Of 4,148 HIV/AIDS cases, 12,451.48 person years were observed, 968 cases died due to all registered death causes. The death density was 7.77/100 person years. The death density was 2.87/100 person years for the HIV/AIDS cases receiving HAART, and 16.58/100 for the HIV/AIDS cases receiving no HAART. In 1,894 AIDS cases, a total of 4,774.48 person years were observed from onset to death, 581 cases died due to all registered death causes, and the death density was 121.69/100 person years. The death density was 4.77/100 person years for the cases receiving HAART, and 125.92/100 person years for the cases receiving no HAART. In the cases with CD less than 200/mm3, the death density was 22.9/100 person years for those receiving no HAART and 5.3/100 person years for those receiving HAART. The annual analysis found that the death rate due to all registered death causes declined as the increase of HAART coverage in people living with HIV/AIDS. The expanding of HAART coverage in people infected with HIV can reduce death rate among them.Further expanding of HAART can effectively reduce the death among people living with HIV/AIDS.
Herein, we have reported a new one-step potentiometric immunoassay for the sensitive and specific detection of human plasma cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a biomarker of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases.
HIV-1 genetic diversity has recently been more and more complicated in Hebei province. To know about the transmission pattern of HIV-1 in Hebei, the phylogenetic analysis of non-CRF01_AE strains was performed using the maximum-likelihood (ML) method. Four clusters and two clusters were observed in the CRF07_BC and subtype B ML tree, respectively. Of these clusters, men who have sex with men (MSM) sequences were the most frequent, and no pure heterosexual cluster was found in this study. Our findings highlighted the close transmission relationship between the main HIV-1 non-CRF01_AE strains and the sexual exposure especially among MSM between neighboring provinces, such as Beijing and Liaoning, and Hebei. This provides new evidence that the main strains of HIV-1 were introduced into Hebei through sexual exposure especially among MSM from neighboring provinces, suggesting that it is urgent for us to take measures together with neighboring provinces to cut off HIV-1 dissemination chain through MSM.
Abstract Dagang Oilfield is a heterogeneous, multi-layered, and structurally complex fault block oil reservoir. During the production process, the contradictions between layers and within layers are becoming increasingly prominent. Split injection and profile control are two important development processes for ensuring production and increasing production in current oilfield development. However, during the construction process of split injection wells for profile control, there are often problems with plugging agents, which affect the effectiveness of split injection and the success rate of testing and adjustment, and even require well repair operations. This has become a key quality control production link that affects the efficiency of oil recovery construction and the improvement of quality, cost, and efficiency. The idea of developing a new type of integrated water distributor for injection and profile control has been proposed, which can achieve dual functions of layered water injection and profile control using a set of pipe columns. Through several years of technological breakthroughs, technological breakthroughs have been made in various aspects such as main structure design, anti backflow structure design, and water nozzle optimization design. Innovative proposals have been made and the integrated water distribution device structure design for injection and profile control has been successfully developed, fundamentally solving the pain points and difficulties of low measurement and adjustment rate after injection well profile control construction, significantly improving the qualification rate of measurement and adjustment, and significantly improving work efficiency and construction quality.
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