Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BP) are highly prevalent illnesses that cause substantial burden in the affected individual, their families, and society at large. These consequences underline the importance of etiological research in order to develop superior measures of both prevention and treatment. Although family history is the most consistently replicated risk factor for mood disorders, minimal efforts have been made to outline differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics between patients with familial and non-familial forms of these disorders. Moreover, despite the lack of conclusive findings in genome-wide association and linkage studies regarding the particular genes involved in mood disorder etiology, investigators have not yet examined the significance of familial exposure to psychiatrically ill relatives in influencing their onset and course. Methods: Subjects were 378 outpatients with a current DSM-IV diagnosis of MDD (N=139) or BP (N=239). Retrospective chart reviews were conducted in order to examine differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics between subjects with and without physician-reported family history. Patient-reported family history was used to compare subjects on a number of self-reported familial exposure variables. Associations between these variables and clinical characteristics were also examined. Results: Mood disorder subjects with physician-reported family history were primarily Canadian born and English speaking, and subjects without such a history were mostly unemployed. In terms of clinical characteristics, BP subjects with physician-reported family history sought psychiatric assistance at a younger age and MDD subjects without such a history were hospitalized more often. Consistent with prior research, BP subjects demonstrated more familial loading of both BP and schizophrenia/psychosis compared to MDD subjects. Furthermore, a family history of schizophrenia/psychosis and drug problems were associated with more frequent hospitalizations. Finally, a family history of drug and alcohol problems as well as living with two or more acutely ill family members, were associated with more lifetime suicide attempts. Conclusions: Family history undeniably plays an instrumental role in both the onset and clinical presentation of mood disorders. Our results particularly emphasize the significance of familial exposures and their ability to operate as risk factors, combined with underlying genetic susceptibility, to produce more severe and impairing cases of these disorders. Clinicians should carefully examine each patient's family history status since it may add value to risk assessments for outcomes like suicide attempts and hospitalizations. %%%%Contexte: Le trouble depressif majeur (TDM) et le trouble bipolaire (TB) sont des maladies tres repandues qui causent le fardeau substantiel dans la personne touchee, leurs familles, et dans la societe en general. Ces consequences soulignent l'importance de la recherche etiologique…
Primary nonadherence is probably an important contributor to suboptimal disease management, but methodological challenges have limited investigation of it.To estimate the incidence of primary nonadherence in primary care and the drug, patient, and physician characteristics that are associated with nonadherence.A prospective cohort of patients and all their incident prescriptions from primary care electronic health records between 2006 and 2009 linked to provincial drug insurer data on all drugs dispensed from community-based pharmacies were assembled.Quebec, Canada.15 961 patients in a primary care network of 131 physicians.Primary nonadherence was defined as not filling an incident prescription within 9 months. Multivariate alternating logistic regression was used to estimate predictors of nonadherence and account for patient and physician clustering.Overall, 31.3% of the 37 506 incident prescriptions written for the 15 961 patients were not filled. Drugs in the upper quartile of cost were least likely to be filled (odds ratio [OR], 1.11 [95% CI, 1.07 to 1.17]), as were skin agents, gastrointestinal drugs, and autonomic drugs, compared with anti-infectives. Reduced odds of nonadherence were associated with increasing patient age (OR per 10 years, 0.89 [CI, 0.85 to 0.92]), elimination of prescription copayments for low-income groups (OR, 0.37 [CI, 0.32 to 0.41]), and a greater proportion of all physician visits with the prescribing physician (OR per 0.5 increase, 0.77 [CI, 0.70 to 0.85]).Patients' rationale for choosing not to fill their prescriptions could not be measured.Primary nonadherence is common and may be reduced by lower drug costs and copayments, as well as increased follow-up care with prescribing physicians for patients with chronic conditions.Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
Errors in community medication histories increase the risk of adverse events. The objectives of this study were to estimate the extent to which access to community-based pharmacy records provided more information about prescription drug use than conventional medication histories.A prospective cohort of patients with public drug insurance who visited the emergency departments (ED) in two teaching hospitals in Montreal, Quebec was recruited. Drug lists recorded in the patients' ED charts were compared with pharmacy records of dispensed medications retrieved from the public drug insurer. Patient and drug-related predictors of discrepancies were estimated using general estimating equation multivariate logistic regression.613 patients participated in the study (mean age 63.1 years, 59.2% women). Pharmacy records identified 41.5% more prescribed medications than were noted in the ED chart. Concordance was highest for anticoagulants, cardiovascular drugs and diuretics. Omissions in the ED chart were more common for drugs that may be taken episodically. Patients with more than 12 medications (OR 2.92, 95% CI 1.71 to 4.97) and more than one pharmacy (OR 3.85, 95% CI 1.80 to 6.59) were more likely to have omissions in the ED chart.The development of health information exchanges could improve the efficiency and accuracy of information about community medication histories if they enable automated access to dispensed medication records from community pharmacies, particularly for the most vulnerable populations with multiple morbidities.Pharmacy records identified a substantial number of medications that were not in the ED chart. There is potential for greater safety and efficiency with automated access to pharmacy records.
To assess the current state of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) training in Canadian family medicine residency programs.Cross-sectional survey to evaluate POCUS education in accredited Canadian family medicine residency programs; only 1 completed survey was accepted per residency program.Seventeen accredited Canadian family medicine residency programs.Fourteen directors of family medicine programs across Canada.Opinions of program directors in family medicine education on the relevance of POCUS in family medicine, and the role of POCUS training in family medicine residency programs.The Web-based, anonymous survey, which was completed during the months of March and April 2016, achieved a response rate of 82% (14 out of 17 program directors). About one-fifth (21%) of program directors reported having an established ultrasound curriculum. Almost all directors (93%) believed that POCUS teaching should be integrated into family medicine residency curricula. Barriers to establishing training included the following: lack of adequate equipment (57%), lack of instructors (57%), lack of available time in the curriculum (57%), and lack of funding available to support training (71%). Seventy-one percent of respondents believed that POCUS could be used in outpatient family medicine clinics to alter clinical decision making. Some potential benefits associated with POCUS in primary care include more rapid diagnosis, improved patient outcomes, and potential to reduce health care costs.Although only a few Canadian family medicine residency program directors reported actually having an established ultrasound curriculum, most of them believed that POCUS training should be offered to family medicine residents and that its use could positively affect primary care. A growing number of family medicine residency programs are considering incorporating ultrasound training into their curricula, but resource availability remains a considerable barrier to implementation.
