A call count method was used to survey the pheasants of Laojunshan Nature Reserve,Sichuan Province from April to May 2006.Distances were estimated to calling males from points positioned in three broad habitat types:primary forest,secondary forest,and replanted forest.The Distance data collected from survey points were analyzed using Distance software to produce overall and habitat-specific density estimates.Calling males of four species of pheasant were encountered using the call count method:Chinese Bamboo-partridge Bambusicola thoracica,Lady Amherst's Pheasant Chrysolophus amherstiae,Sichuan Hill-partridge Arborophila rufipectus,and Temminck's Tragopan Tragopan temminckii.Overall densities of calling males were estimated to be 20.19 ± 6.07/km2(B.thoracica),1.48 ± 0.46/km2(C.amherstiae),4.24 ± 0.60/km2(A.rufipectus),and 11.19 ± 2.97/km2(T.tragopan).Habitat-specific density estimates were in some cases limited by small sample sizes,although we still present estimates for these galliform species.It appears that the highest densities of calling male B.thoracica(26.89 ± 8.92)and C.amherstiae(2.92 ± 1.42)are found in replanted forest,while the lowest densities of these two species seemed to be in primary forest(7.19 ± 4.19,1.19 ± 0.58).Calling male A.rufipectus was recorded at highest density in primary forest(7.94 ± 0.99),which was significantly different to densities in secondary(3.06 ± 0.60/km2).The estimated density of calling male T.temminckii was significantly higher in primary(17.66 ± 5.98/km2)and secondary forests(12.58 ± 4.85/km2)than in replanted forest,in which no birds were recorded.The diversity,evenness and dominance of the pheasant communities in each habitat type were compared using Shannon-Wiener index,Pielou index and Simpson index.The diversity and evenness of pheasants was highest in secondary forest(H = 1.06,E = 0.77)and lowest in primary forest(H = 0.83,E = 0.60),while the dominance was highest in primary forest(C = 0.53)and lowest in secondary forest(C = 0.43).
The mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of Diatraea saccharalis was amplified and sequenced and was found to be 1146 bp in length.The cyt b gene sequences from four orders including Diptera,Coleoptera,Thysanura,and Lepidoptera,were analyzed with molecular biology software.Nucleotide composition,transitions and transversions,amino acid composition,genetic distance,and the phylogenetic relationship among these insects were examined.The results indicated that Lepidopteran insects possessed a higher A+T content,and was 75.1% in D.saccharalis.There was no conspicuous relationship between A+T content and A/T-skewness.Nucleotide substitution occurred mostly at the third position,and transitions were greater than transversions.Codon usage could reflect base compositional bias of AT.The amino acid sequences were believed to be more accurate than nucleotide sequences in genetic distance.The phylogenetic analysis was performed using cyt b gene sequences,and the results supported a monophyletic Endopterygota(Diptera+ Lepidoptera + Coleoptera),a monophyletic Mecopterida(Diptera + Lepidoptera),a monophyletic Diptera,a monophyletic Lepidoptera,and a monophyletic Coeloptera.
Microsatellite-enhanced libraries of AC-repeats and GATA-repeats in Procypris rabaudi were constructed using repeat-enrichment method with biotin-labeled oligos and streptavidin magnetic beads.The positive clones were screened through PCR method using oligoA and(AC)12or oligoA and(GATA)6 as primers.The ratios of positive clones of(AC)n and(GATA)n microsatellite-enhanced libraries were about 30% and 7%,respectively.Total 61 microsatellite sequences were obtained by sequencing 40 AC-repeats positive clones and 30 GATA-repeats positive clones,which included one trinucleotide repeat microsatellite sequence(TGA).19 pairs of primers for AC-repeats microsatellites,16 pairs of primers for GATA-repeats microsatellites and one pair of primers for TGA-repeats microsatellites were designed.Legible and constant expected DNA products could be amplified using 20 pairs of the primers through PCR optimization.In order to check these microsatellite loci whether can be used for relative species,then the 20 pairs of primers were used to amplify microsatellite sequences of Spinibarbus sinensis,and legible and constant expected products could be obtained using 12 pairs of the primers.Therefore,the 20 microsatellite loci of Procypris rabaudi obtained from the present study are potential for further investigations of genetic diversity and population structure in Procypris rabaudi and relative species.
Although human undifferentiated keratinocytes (HUKs) can be reprogrammed to become induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with high efficiency and rapid kinetics by transducing reprogramming factors (RFs), the endogenous expression of reprogramming factors in cultured HUKs is not clear at different stages. In this study, keratinocytes were isolated from foreskin of adult subject (18 years old) and cultured on collagen type IV-coated culture dishes in a low-calcium, serum-free medium (Epilife, Invitrogen). In order to clarify the expression patterns of RFs and other stem cell markers in cultured human keratinocytes, total RNA was extracted using Trizol reagent, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using established GenBank sequences to design primers. The subsequent PCR analysis was carried out by agarose gel electrophoresis. The expression levels of RFs and other stem cell markers in human HUKs clearly fluctuated during culturing, which supports the hypothesis that HUKs might be reprogrammed into a pluripotent state when the maximum levels of RFs expression are maintained by appropriate culture conditions. Key words: Human undifferentiated keratinocytes, reprogramming factors, expression fluctuation.
A pair of degenerate primers was designed according to the reported SRY sequences about human,dog and Artiodactyla animals.Two 684 bp CDS regions of SRY gene were cloned and sequenced from male Moschus berezovskii and male M.chrysogaster genomic DNA by PCR method.Sequence analysis were conducted in the light of paternal inheritance and the SRY sequences from M.berezovskii,M.chrysogaster,and the other 18 Artiodactyla animals were used for phylogenetic tree construction by using neighbor-joining (NJ) analysis of MEGA2.1 and maximum parsimony method (MP) analysis of PAUP4.0.The phylogeny showed that the musk deer formed a monophyletic group and it supported that the musk deer should be classified as an individual family Moschidae,instead of a subfamily or a genus.
A total of 42 microsatellites of the giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)were evaluated through PCR amplification.The results showed that great variations on the polymorphism were observed among these markers and 13 microsatellites with high polymorphism were selected.
Mitochondrial genes represent important molecular clocks for phylogenetic analysis.In present study,the complete mitochondrial genome of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis was sequenced,which is a circular molecule with 15 377 bp length (AT 82%).The genome structure shows a lepidopteron-unique CR-M-I-Q arrangement.Based on COX gene,we speculated phylogenetic relationship among 22 pterygotan insects species.The result suggests the evolution of insects was highly related to the divergence of their wings.Three types of model are proposed for the first time,to determine the termination codon of the animal mtDNAs.
The cultural characteristics and toxicity of Bt cry1Aa gene cloned in Escherichia coli (ECE52) were studied. The results indicated that the optimal cultural condition for this engineered bacterium was (8～12h) at 37C.Toxicity tests showed that the crystal protein expressed by ECE52 possessed high toxicity to the fourth instars larvae of silkworm. The mortality of larvae was 100% in 96h when fresh leaves treated by (62.5 ×10~(-6)g/mL) ECE52 were provided as food for 12h. All tested larvae were died in 24h ,48h ,72h when higher concentration of 500 ×10~(-6)g/mL,250 ×10~(-6)g/mL,125×10~(-6)g/mL were used,respectively. The LC_(50 )value at 24h,48h,72h is 0.101×10~(-3)g/mL,0.045×10~(-3)g/mL,0.028×10~(-3)g/mL, respectively.
Landslides caused by the magnitude 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquakes had brought extensive habitat changes in the montane region. Until now, little is known about the non-volant small mammals in landslide disturbed areas. In this study, we compared the non-volant small mammal communities between seismic landslides and undisturbed areas in a broadleaved deciduous forest in the Longxi-Hongkou National Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China. Our goals were to understand the response of non-volant small mammal communities to landslide disturbance, and to explore the effect of vegetation recovery and source populations of non-volant small mammals on the recovery process of small mammal communities in landslides. Pitfall traps were set to capture non-volant small mammals in landslides and control sites from April 2010 to January 2014. Vegetation covers were visually estimated along with each small mammal trapping period. Our results showed that the relative abundance of non-volant small mammal communities in landslides were significantly lower than these in control sites. Shannon-Weiner diversity indices were higher in landslides. The relative abundance and species richness of non-volant small mammal communities in landslides were positively significantly correlated with non-volant small mammal communities in control sites, as well as the herb covers in landslides (P<0.05). We concluded that non-volant small mammals could recolonize in landslides soon after seismic landslides, but the communities were highly variable and still need more time to recover. The recovery of herb layer in landslides and source populations in undisturbed areas played important roles in promoting the recovery of non-volant small mammal communities in landslides.
Diet bamboo Fargesia nitida of giant pandas at the Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve was sampled randomly to measure its morphology and biomass in April and July 2009 and April 2011.Biomass models are developed biostatistically to characterize relationships between biomass and morphological indices.The results show that,1) height of bamboo contributes most to biomass,the number of leaves the second,and then the number of nodes and basal diameter the least.A model with height,basal diameter,the number of leaves and nodes fit better than the model with only height and basal diameter.2) above ground biomass of bamboo is the best predict of underground biomass.
'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(23.036 .093 25.536)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(45.87 1.273 16.18)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(69.945 .996 12.078)'/%3e%3cuse xlink:href='%23a' transform='rotate(20.66 -19.689 31.932)'/%3e%3c/svg%3e)