Abstract When evaluating the risks of oncogenesis and cancer mortality following exposure to the radiations of the atomic bombs (A-bombs), the medical X-ray doses received by the A-bomb survivors must also be estimated and considered. Using a human phantom, dosimetry was performed to estimate the X-ray doses received by A-bomb survivors during medical examinations at the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) as part of the long-term follow-up on the Adult Health Study (AHS). These examinations have been estimated to represent nearly 45% of the survivors' cumulative medical irradiation dose. Doses to the salivary glands, thyroid gland, lung, breast, stomach and colon were measured using thermoluminescent dosemeters. The results, which are reported here, will aid in estimating organ doses received by individual AHS participants.
Nishiyama residents exposed to fallout from the Nagasaki atomic bomb were selected by their location and duration in the fallout area and were studied for any retained radionuclide activity and any harmful effects by whole-body counting, physical and laboratory examinations, and chromosome studies. Soil, reservoir sediments, and crops from Nishiyama and comparison areas were assessed by scintillation counting for 137Cs content. Whole-body counting and radiochemical uninalysis showed a significantly greater concentration of 137Cs among the Nishiyama subjects than the nonexposed, but no physical or laboratory abnormalities were detected among the index subjects of this study. Results demonstrated that the internally deposited material is maintained at a relatively high level by the ingestion of food stuffs containing 137Cs.
RETAINED THORIUM DIOXIDE MEDIA IN SEMINAL VESICULOGRAPHY A FOLLOW-UP STUDY WITH DOSE ESTIMATESWALTER J. RUSSELL, M.D., FUMIO HATTORI, M.D., LEWIS B. MARROW, M.D., HARUMA YOSHINAGA, PH.D. and TAKASHI KOGURE, M.D.Audio Available | Share
Hiroshima and Nagasaki medical institutions were surveyed for technical factors used in diagnostic X-ray examinations and for estimates of dose to patients. Collimators allowing female gonads to be in the direct beam were used in half of the routine chest roentgenographic units. Aluminum filtration of 0.5 mm thickness was most frequently used in both cities, although short of governmental regulations. The measured HVLs were less than 2.0 mm aluminum for the majority of units. Radiation output measurements showed that large errors may occur in estimating patient doses without correcting radiation output, though some correlation between tube voltage and radiation output was observed. Gonadal doses were much affected by the anode position, particularly for males. In half of the units, anodes were positioned caudad of the examinee, incurring less dose to the gonads. Utilization of these data may be used to reduce unnecessary X-ray exposure.
A technique using industrial type X-ray film to determine pattern of exposure and dose during fluoroscopy is described. Using bone marrow distribution tables previously compiled, a basic evaluation of the procedure was made, using a phantom, with the co-operation of ten radiologists in the community. Bone marrow dose and gonadal dose were calculated for each of the examinations and are included. The procedure proved practical and efficient in demonstrating differences in dose by examiner. With modification, it may be useful during patient examinations.
