To explore effects of fine particulate matters (PM 2.5) onpulmonary inflammation, and the changes of Th17/Treg balance as well as related cytokines.Thirty-two C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into 4 groups including 1 saline control group and 3 PM2.5 exposure groups (1.5, 7.5 and 15 mg/kg BW, respectively). Each group received intratracheal instillation twice per week for 3 consecutive months. 24 hours after the last exposure, anaesthetize the mice with chloral hydrate, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for inflammatory cells and cytokines analysis. The Th17- and Treg-related cytokines in BALF was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The level of the specific transcription factors of Th17 and Treg in lung tissue was determined by real-time PCR. Unlavaged left lung were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for histopathological detection.Th17-related cytokine IL-17 increased, but Treg-related cytokine IL-10 decreased significantly in BALF at 7.5 and 15 mg/kg BW PM2.5 exposure groups compared with control group (P < 0.05). Consistently, the relative mRNA expression of ROR-gammat (specific transcription factors of Th17) increased in a dose-response way, the relative mRNA expression of Foxp3 + (specific transcription factors of Treg) decreased in a dose-response way.Sub-chronic PM2.5 exposure caused persistent inflammation, immune injury and disordered the Th17/Treg imbalance as well as related cytokines.
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>To investigate the relationship between the morphological features of involved nail and pathogenic fungi in onychomycosis. Methods A total of 360 out-patients were studied. The specimens were taken with tooth drill, pathogenic fungi were examined by microscopy and culture, clinical types and features were observed. Results The pathogenic fungi were identified in 165 cases, 80.0% were caused by dermatophytes, 13.9% by yeasts, 2.4% by non-dermatophyte moulds, and 3.6% were mixed infections. Clinical features of these types of onychomycosis caused by different fungi were described. Conclusions Specific fungi or species might be deduced according to the morphological features of onychomycosis together with microscopy.
Key words:
Onychomycosis; Diagnosis
[Objective] To apply an improved integrated index method to evaluate the quality of piped drinking water.[Methods] Altogether 34 indicators of water quality including microbial,carcinogenic,general toxic,organic pollution,sensory and general chemical indices were selected into a comprehensive assessment system of drinking water.The candidate indices were classified into five categories according to various hygienic significances.The comprehensive index methods of Nemerow index,minimum operator,and weighted average were improved and applied flexibly to evaluate the drinking water quality in ten residential communities in Changning District of Shanghai in December 2008.[Results] The integrated index values of drinking water samples were in the range of 0.34-1.26,significantly lower than the drinking water supplied in the municipal network.The main factors influencing the drinking water quality were pH,turbidity and chemical oxygen demand(COD).[Conclusion] The quality of drinking water in Changning District is comparatively better than the municipal water supply network,but some indices require special attention.
Effective personal thermal management is crucial for protecting human health during cold weather. Therefore, wearable heaters based on electric-heating membranes are one of the most promising devices to become essential appliances in our daily lives. The main challenge toward this goal is the development of electric-heating membranes with adequate breathable, flexible, and stretchable characteristics. In the work presented here, micro-nanofibrous fluffy electric-heating membranes were prepared by coating polyurethane/graphene nanoplatelet (PU@GNP) films onto melt-blown propylene-based elastomer (PBE) micro-nanofibrous membranes via a facile, cheap, and large-scale method consisting of a coating-compressing cyclic process. Investigation of the resulting PBE/PU@GNP membranes showed that the PU@GNP films were uniformly deposited onto the PBE micro-nanofiber surfaces, forming fluffy interconnected conducting channels. By applying a voltage of 36 V to the prepared PBE/PU@GNP membranes, the temperature increased to 69.7 °C, confirming excellent electric-heating features. Moreover, the porosity of the fabricated membrane could be tailored readily by adjusting the coating-compressing cycles. Benefiting from the conducting channels, the PBE/PU@GNP membranes exhibited efficiently regulated air permeability ranging from 212 to 60.2 mm/s, a prominent softness score of 53.8, and an excellent elastic recovery rate of 85.5%. These findings demonstrate that PBE/PU@GNP micro-nanofibrous fluffy membranes may well be suitable for application in electric-heating clothing. The cyclic coating-compressing preparation process may be attractive in industrial manufacturing.
[Objective] To study DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocyte induced by PM2.5.[Methods] One hundred and seven traffic policemen were selected as exposed population and one hundred and one common residents were selected as the control.All members were male nonsmokers or ones who had quitted smoking for at least 6 months and so were their family members,all of them were between 25 and 55 years old.The level of exposure to PM2.5 was obtained by personal monitor of PM2.5 for 24 h.Blood samples were then collected to detect DNA damage by single cell gelelectrophoresis assay.[Results] The average level of exposure to PM2.5 per day in exposed group[(115.40±46.17)μg/m3]was significantly higher than that in control group[(74.94±40.09)μg/m3].Comet cell percentage was(15.20±3.46)% and Olive moment was 1.25±0.29 in exposed group,which were both significantly higher than those in control group[(10.05±3.45)% and 0.86±0.22].The level of DNA damage became higher as the exposure level increased,but no significant correlation with age or length of service was found.[Conclusion] Exposed to higher level of airborne PM2.5 could result in higher DNA damage.
[Objective] To study the in vitro cytotoxicity and oxidative damage of mesoporous nano-SiO2 on RAW264.7 macrophages.[Methods] The RAW 264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of mesoporous nano-SiO(22.5,10,50,100 μg/mL)and saline control for 24 h.MTT assays were applied for testing macrophage cytotoxicity in vitro,which were based on mitochondrial activity evaluation.Total protein(TP),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),nitrogen monoxide(NO),glutathion(GSH),superoxide dismutase(SOD)and malondialdehyde(MDA)in supernatant and intra-cellular fluid were determined.The morphologic change of RAW 264.7 was also observed.[Results] Compared with saline control,the viability of RAW264.7 cell was decreased significantly after exposed to mesoporous nano-SiO2.The levels of TP,LDH,NO and MDA in exposed groups of 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL dosage were higher,while GSH and SOD levels were lower than in the saline control group,which were in accordance with the morphologic change on RAW264.7 cell exposed to mesoporous nano-SiO2.[Conclusion] Mesoporous nano-SiO2 can induce cytotoxicity and oxidative demage on RAW264.7 macrophage.
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