The ARF gene family plays important roles in intracellular transport in eukaryotes and is involved in conferring tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants.To explore the role of these genes in the development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 74 wheat ARF genes (TaARFs; including 18 alternate transcripts) were identified and clustered into 7 sub-groups.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that TaARFA1 sub-group genes were strongly conserved.Numerous ciselements functionally associated with the stress response and hormones were identified in the TaARFA1 sub-group, implying that these TaARFs are induced in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in wheat.According to available transcriptome data and qRT-PCR analysis, the TaARFA1 genes displayed tissue-specific expression patterns and were regulated by biotic stress (powdery mildew and stripe rust) and abiotic stress (cold, heat, ABA, drought and NaCl).Protein interaction network analysis further indicated that TaARFA1 proteins may interact with protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C), which is a key protein in the ABA signaling pathway.This comprehensive analysis will be useful for further functional characterization of TaARF genes and the development of high-quality wheat varieties.
The ARF gene family plays important roles in intracellular transport in eukaryotes and is involved in conferring tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants.To explore the role of these genes in the development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 74 wheat ARF genes (TaARFs; including 18 alternate transcripts) were identified and clustered into 7 sub-groups.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that TaARFA1 sub-group genes were strongly conserved.Numerous ciselements functionally associated with the stress response and hormones were identified in the TaARFA1 sub-group, implying that these TaARFs are induced in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in wheat.According to available transcriptome data and qRT-PCR analysis, the TaARFA1 genes displayed tissue-specific expression patterns and were regulated by biotic stress (powdery mildew and stripe rust) and abiotic stress (cold, heat, ABA, drought and NaCl).Protein interaction network analysis further indicated that TaARFA1 proteins may interact with protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C), which is a key protein in the ABA signaling pathway.This comprehensive analysis will be useful for further functional characterization of TaARF genes and the development of high-quality wheat varieties.
The heterocyclic nitrogen compounds isoquinoline (iQH), quinoxaline (QoxH) and quinazoline (QazH), abbreviated generally as NHetH, react with Mo(PMe3)6 to give (η2-NHet)Mo(PMe3)4H as a result of cleavage of the C−H bond adjacent to the nitrogen atom. The C−H bond cleavage is reversible. For example, in the case of isoquinoline and quinoxaline, treatment of (η2-NHet)Mo(PMe3)4H with PMe3 regenerates Mo(PMe3)6 and NHetH. Furthermore, at elevated temperatures (η2-NHet)Mo(PMe3)4H converts sequentially to isomers of (η6-NHetH)Mo(PMe3)3 in which the N-heteroaromatic ligand coordinates via either the heterocyclic or carbocyclic rings. Isomers of (η6-NHetH)Mo(PMe3)3 in which the heterocyclic ring coordinated to molybdenum may be hydrogenated. Thus, (η6-C5N-iQH)Mo(PMe3)3 and (η6-C4N2-QoxH)Mo(PMe3)3 react with H2 at 90 °C to give Mo(PMe3)4H4 and release 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline, respectively. Furthermore, Mo(PMe3)4H4 serves as a catalyst precursor for the hydrogenation of quinoline, isoquinoline, and quinoxaline to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline, respectively. Mo(PMe3)4H4 is the first simple molybdenum complex to effect catalytic hydrogenation of these heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, a necessary step in hydrodenitrogenation.
The G-quadruplex (G4) forming C9orf72 GGGGCC (G4C2) expanded hexanucleotide repeat (EHR) is the predominant genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Developing selective G4-binding ligands is challenging due to the conformational polymorphism and similarity of G4 structures. We identified three first-in-class marine natural products, chrexanthomycin A (cA), chrexanthomycin B (cB), and chrexanthomycin C (cC), with remarkable bioactivities. Thereinto, cA shows the highest permeability and lowest cytotoxicity to live cells. NMR titration experiments and in silico analysis demonstrate that cA, cB, and cC selectively bind to DNA and RNA G4C2 G4s. Notably, cA and cC dramatically reduce G4C2 EHR-caused cell death, diminish G4C2 RNA foci in (G4C2)29-expressing Neuro2a cells, and significantly eliminate ROS in HT22 cells. In (G4C2)29-expressing Drosophila, cA and cC significantly rescue eye degeneration and improve locomotor deficits. Overall, our findings reveal that cA and cC are potential therapeutic agents deserving further clinical study.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
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