Cross-border tunnel detection has been the common and the most important concern for the nation because of its usage by terrorists, illegal immigrants, smugglers, prisoners. For this there is a need to locate, map, monitor and detect the tunnel. Various techniques used in this process from electromagnetic methods to RADAR to sensors. The first method which was used in 1990s as a subject of tunnel detection and was successful in detecting it at the experimental tunnel site in Otay Mesa, San Diego. From the various researches it has been seen that electromagnetic methods and seismic methods are mostly used methods. In this paper, there is discussion as well as review of various researchers and technology which was used and is still in used. It is divided into sections such as introduction, technology description, comparison table along with discussion and conclusion.
Biosensors have played a major role in diagnosis of various diseases and are also associated with detection of micro-organisms and other biological components.There are various types of biosensors available in the field, each having benefits one over the other.This paper explains the basic theory and operational setup of SPR based biosensors which are fast in their performances and are real time implemented.These plasmonic based biosensors includes waveguide arrangements along with a Au/Ag bimetallic enhancement concept.One of the benefits of coupling of light source with surface electrons will give raise to surface Plasmon which is very efficient in recognition of biomolecules without any external biomarkers.Placing a second metal layer above the dielectric layer as well as below, metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide had been developed.These structures allow extremely high model confinement of light.Using this structure biological analysis of blood components have been performed and the resultant signature graphs are obtained in terms of resonant frequency and wavelengths.These numerical simulation outcome shows the resonance dips of the structure, high resonant transmission contrast ratio and the resonance wavelength has a linear relationship with the refractive index of dielectric material therefore the aperture.The numerical simulation results obtained from the transmission spectra are used to analyze the sensing characteristic of the structure.The sensitivity of the biosensor is also calculated.
The memristive device is a nanoscale nonlinear passive two-terminal fourth fundamental circuit element in addition to the three previously known passive fundamental circuit elements namely resistor, capacitor, and inductor. However aside from its non-volatile memory nature, this memristor resistance/ memristance controlled in the circuit operation by the amount of charge applied between its terminals. The memristor device SPICE modeling is significant for memristive circuit and neuromorphic system design. Nowadays probabilistic switching behavior observed in many fabricated memristor devices that inspired stochastic learning rule for memristor-based neuromorphic learning system application. In this paper, a stochastic metastable switch memristor model (MSSs) is used for binary-weighted memristor-based artificial synapse circuitry presentation. Using this MSSs memristor SPICE model a binary-weighted memristor-based artificial synapse circuit presented. The presented circuit shows a binary response to the signal given to the memristor implemented in the binary synaptic circuit using a stochastic memristor device model. The authors left the implementation of the proposed binary synaptic circuit in a memristor-based artificial neural network that functions through the clipped perceptron (CP) learning algorithm as future work.
With the prospect of economic and environmental gains, researchers are developing technologies for printing electronics. Printing technology has been introduced and continuously improved such as conductive ink, engraving, and Âbulk and transition printed paper in order to reach an overall scale similar to that of the microprocessor production industry. As with conventional processing of semiconductors, printing is primarily an ambient temperature and pressure-based operation, removing high vacuum, toxic chemicals and adhesives used in high-winds. While broad electronics print is widely regarded as eco sustainable, no objective evidence is available for confirming this claim, and further work is required to quantify the results and determine potential compromise consequences. For printing trends which are permeable, insulating and semi conducting, numerous publishing techniques employ nanomaterials. There are two issues involved with the nanomaterials used in these inks: a) potential risk if emitted into the atmosphere during the drug lifespan, and b) rather highly energetic content of nanomaterials. Although the quantification of the actual pollution is complicated because of complete absence of toxic effects and risk categorization proofs, it is possible and has already been originally discussed as an ecological burden measure for estimating accrued energy requirements. With all this in opinion, this section analyses the energy demands with the high electrical-down manufactured product of confidently using a montage-based additive pressure process to use semiconductor substratum diodes of the subatomic level.
The field of microstrip antenna has seen creative work lately. A smaller size performance antenna is required for applications with a wider frequency range, such as Bluetooth, WiFi, wireless networks, etc. due to the everincreasing need for mobile communication and the emergence of new technologies. Here in this paper, a compact hexagonal-shaped microstrip antenna fed by a microstrip line for dual-band operations with center frequencies at 25 GHz and 38 GHz is proposed and investigated. The proposed antenna operates in two different frequency bands from 24.1 to 26.3 GHz with a center frequency of 25 GHz and from 37.3 to 39.4 GHz with a center frequency of 38 GHz, 9.3 dB as Gain, 9.17 dB as Directivity and respectively 1.16 dB and 1.39 dB as VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio). The proposed antenna was simulated using Roger RT/ Duroid 5880 material for the substrate and its efficiency is 98.6% suitable for 5G applications. The software that has been used for this work is HFSS 15 (HighFrequency Simulation Structure).
Robots are devices that can perform tasks with or without human intervention, based on inputs from its environment. Gestures can be explained as symbolic actions performed by humans having a meaning. In this project, a robot toy car has been developed where the user uses these very gestures to interact with the robot car rather than the established and current technology of using remote controllers with buttons and joysticks, or mobile applications. These gestures are identified with the use of an accelerometer(ADXL345). The entire project is split into two parts: the transmitter circuit and the receiver circuit, where the former uses ADXL345 for gesture recognition, and the latter uses Motor driver (L293D) to move the toy car.
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