Objective To investigate the pathogen distribution and antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates from infections of cadres above division-level of PLA. Methods Clinical isolates were collected and identified.The drug susceptibility testing of antimicrobial agents was carried out through broth microdilution method.The susceptivity was read according to standards of CLSI.SPSS 17.0 software was used to analyze the data. Results The 420 clinical isolates fell into 59 species and 358(85.24%) of the isolates were Gram-negative.The top ten pathogens in isolate numbers had a total of 315(75.00%) isolates.The top two pathogens were Escherichia colic and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Among the top five pathogens,Klebsiella pneumoniae showed relatively high susceptibility to antimicrobial agents.Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus aureus,and Acinetobacter baumannii were only susceptible to a few antimicrobial agents,and their overall susceptibility rate was 60%. Conclusion The common pathogens of infections from cadres above division-level of PLA are Gram-negative bacilli.The strains isolated are multiple drug-resistant and showed high susceptibility to only a few antimicrobial agents.Studying the features and antimicrobial resistance of the pathogens can provide powerful evidence to guide treatment for infections,especially in the selection of medications.
// Xiang-Jun Tang 1,* , Xu-Yong Sun 2,* , Kuan-Ming Huang 1,* , Li Zhang 1 , Zhuo-Shun Yang 1 , Dan-Dan Zou 1 , Bin Wang 1,3 , Garth L. Warnock 4 , Long-Jun Dai 1,4 and Jie Luo 1 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China 2 Guangxi Key Laboratory for Transplantation Medicine, Institute of Transplant Medicine, 303 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Nanning, China 3 The Biomedical Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada 4 Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Long-Jun Dai, email: // Jie Luo, email: // Keywords : immunotherapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), exosomes, cancer therapy, extracellular vesicles Received : August 12, 2015 Accepted : October 06, 2015 Published : October 19, 2015 Abstract Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based T-cell adoptive immunotherapy is a distinctively promising therapy for cancer. The engineering of CARs into T cells provides T cells with tumor-targeting capabilities and intensifies their cytotoxic activity through stimulated cell expansion and enhanced cytokine production. As a novel and potent therapeutic modality, there exists some uncontrollable processes which are the potential sources of adverse events. As an extension of this impactful modality, CAR-T cell-derived exosomes may substitute CAR-T cells to act as ultimate attackers, thereby overcoming some limitations. Exosomes retain most characteristics of parent cells and play an essential role in intercellular communications via transmitting their cargo to recipient cells. The application of CAR-T cell-derived exosomes will make this cell-based therapy more clinically controllable as it also provides a cell-free platform to diversify anticancer mediators, which responds effectively to the complexity and volatility of cancer. It is believed that the appropriate application of both cellular and exosomal platforms will make this effective treatment more practicable.
The results of application of flow cytometry (FCM) in analysis of 139 bladder irrigations of DNA contents in tumor cells from 52 cases of bladder tumors are reported. A comparison was made between this assay and cytological examinations as well as pathological grading. The results suggested that the accuracy of cytological analysis was apparently lower than the cell DNA measurement by flow cytometry, the higher the tumor pathological grading and the deeper the infiltration, the higher the heteroploid DNA contents in the tumor cells. Treatment of high heteroploid bladder tumor required radical cystectomy while the efficiency of simple electrosection or partial cystectomy appeared inferior. When FCM and the bladder tumor pathological grading had a high degree of correlation, especially in the high grading tumor, recurrence was high even when chemical treatment with bladder instillation of BCG was adopted. However, FCM cannot substitute for cystoscopy.
Objective To investigate the protection of the kidney from rejection by the liver in combined liver and kidney transplantation (CLKT).Methods Three groups were set up in this study:CLKT group,kidney transplantation (OKT) group and control group.Wistar and male SD rats were used as donors and SD rats as recipients in all groups.The graft specimens were harvested at 5th day postoperatively.They were examined histologically after sectioning and staining.Acute rejection was diagnosed according to the Banff 97 classification,and scored according to the method stated by Watanabe.The semiquantitative scores were compared between CLKT and OKT groups.Fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry were employed to determine the T-cell subsets and the expression of CD28 and CD152 in venous blood T cells among CLKT,OKT and control groups.Results The semiquantitative scores in CLKT group and OKT group were (1.43 ± 0.53) and (4.14 ± 0.69),respectively (P ＜ 0.01).The total number of CD3+ T lymphocytes in CLKT group,OKT group and contr group was (71.31 ±14.21)％,(72.63 ± 14.96)％ and (68.30 ± 12.40)％ respectively (P ＞0.05),but there were significant difference in the total number of CD4 + CD3 + T lymphocytes among the three groups:that in OKT group was the greatest,followed by CLKT group,and lowest in control group (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significance difference in CD8 + CD3 + T lymphocytes between CLKT group and control group (P ＞ 0.05),but the number of CD8 + CD3 + T lymphocytes was significantly reduced in CLKT group as compared with OKT group (P ＜ 0.05).The CD4 +/CD8 + ratio was highest in OKT group,followed by CLKT group,and lowest in control group (P ＜ 0.05).The CD28％ was highest in OKT group,followed by CLKT group,and lowest in control group (P ＜ 0.05).The CD152％ was highest in CLKT group,followed by OKT group,and lowest in control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Liver graft had protective effects on kidney graft in CLKT,and decreased its rejection intensity.The maturity and activation of T lymphocytes were inhibited in CLKT,and CLKT could also inhibit the expression of positive co-stimulatory molecule CD28,and promote the expression of negative co-stimulatory molecule CD152,which contributed to the protective effects of the liver graft on the kidney graft.
Key words:
Combined liver and kidney transplantation; Acute rejective reaction; T lymphocyte; Co-stimulatory molecules
The objective of the study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in Chinese adults early after renal transplantation by an enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique and to establish a limited sampling strategy to predict the area under the concentration-time curve for plasma levels of mycophenolic acid (MPA-AUC).Fifty-eight recipients who underwent renal transplantation with an organ donated after cardiac death used a triple immunosuppressant strategy of MMF, tacrolimus, and prednisone. On the seventh day posttransplantation, plasma samples were collected at 0 hours (pre-dose) and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours postdose (C0h, C0.5h, C1h, C1.5h, C2h, C4h, C6h, C8h, C10h, and C12h, respectively). Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique was used to measure mycophenolic acid concentration, and model equations were generated by multiple stepwise regression analysis to determine MPA-AUC0-12h.The 3-point equation obtained by multiple linear regression analysis was MPA-AUC = 7.951 + 4.04C6h + 1.893C2h + 4.542C10h (adjusted r = 0.863); the 4-point equation was MPA-AUC = 4.272 + 4.074C6h + 1.896C2h + 4.680C10h + 0.859C0.5h (adjusted r = 0.918). The % mean prediction error, % mean absolute error, and % root mean squared prediction error for the best-fit formula using C6h, C2h, C10h, and C0.5h were -0.2%, 8.7%, and 14.2%, respectively.In Chinese adults receiving MMF and tacrolimus early after renal transplantation, the best equation for predicting MPA-AUC0-12h is 4.272 + 4.074C6h + 1.896C2h + 4.680C10h + 0.859C0.5h.
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