In the evolving contexts of health care delivery and health professions education, issues of patient safety; public health, health promotion, and disease prevention; and team-based, patient-centered care are at the forefront. Within each of these issues, interprofessional education and interprofessional practice are strategies to achieve the goals of effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient, and equitable health care. 1 Pharmacy education has embraced the vision of the Institute of Medicine Committee on the Health Professions Education Summit that ‘‘[a]ll health professionals should be educated to deliver patient-centered care as members of an interdisciplinary team, emphasizing evidence-based practice, quality improvement approaches, and informatics.’’ 2 Educational Outcomes 2004, the document published by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy’s (AACP) Center for the Advancement of Pharmaceutical Education that guides curriculum development at colleges and schools of pharmacy, incorporates language that explicitly describes the expectation that graduates will collaborate with other health care providers in the provision of pharmaceutical care, management of systems, and engagement in public health. 3 The Accreditation Standards and Guidelines (Standards 2007) promulgated by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education now hold colleges and schools of pharmacy accountable for designing, delivering, and assessing educational programs that prepare future pharmacists to provide patientcentered care as members of interprofessional health care teams. 4 Development of a contemporary student’s identity as a pharmacist must now include how he or she, as a pharmacist, will participate in the care of patients as a member of a team of professionals.
Study Design Cross-sectional. Objectives To determine the reliability of a surface sensor measurement of clavicular motion during arm elevation and to describe 3-dimensional clavicular motion in an asymptomatic population. Background Abnormal scapular motion on the thorax has been implicated in shoulder pathology. Without the ability to measure clavicular motion, it is not possible to identify if abnormal scapular motions derive from the sternoclavicular or acromioclavicular joints. Methods and Measures Thirty-nine subjects participated in the investigation, including an asymptomatic group (n = 30) and a group with a history or current symptoms of shoulder pathology (n = 9). Clavicular angles relative to the thorax were tracked with surface electromagnetic sensors on the thorax, clavicle, and humerus as subjects completed humeral flexion, scapular plane abduction, and abduction. Within-day reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients and SEM. Descriptive statistics quantified sternoclavicular joint motions for the various arm movements. Results Reliable measurements were obtained, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.93 to 0.99, and SEMs from 0.9°to 1.8°. Between-day reliability SEM values were generally 2°to 4°. During elevation of the arm, the clavicle with respect to the thorax generally undergoes elevation (11 °–15° maximum), retraction (15°–29° maximum), and posterior long-axis rotation (15°–31° maximum), with variability between subjects and planes of motion regarding the magnitude of motion. Conclusion Rehabilitation approaches attempting to improve shoulder motion should benefit from improved knowledge of 3-dimensional contributions of the clavicle to normal and abnormal scapular kinematics. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2004;34:140–149.
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