Z. Wang

University of Oxford

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J.D. Liu

Harbin Institute of Technology

Hongjun Zhang

University of Science and Technology of China

B.J. Ye

University of Science and Technology of China

Yufei Xu

Shanghai Micro Satellite Engineering Center

Xufeng Kou

ShanghaiTech University

Tao Gui

Huawei Technologies (China)

Zhengmeng Hou

Clausthal University of Technology

Yu-Chen Hsin

ITRI International

Minzhang Chen

East China University of Science and Technology

Zehui Chen

Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology

Cooperative Institutions

University of Science and Technology of China

Chinese Academy of Sciences

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Fudan University

Hefei National Center for Physical Sciences at Nanoscale

University of California, Los Angeles

Tsinghua University

Hunan Agricultural University

Huawei Technologies (China)

Sun Yat-sen University

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An Integrated Hydrogen Production-CO2 Capture Process from Fossil Fuel

Z. Wang K. B. Bota

includes bench scale experiments and pilot scale tests. The Combustion and Emission Lab at Clark Atlanta University has conducted the bench scale experiments. The facility used for pilot scale tests was built in Athens, GA. The overall yield from this process is 7 wt% hydrogen and 32 wt% charcoal/activated carbon of feedstock (peanut shell). The value of co-product activated carbon is about $1.1/GJ and this coproduct reduced the selling price of hydrogen. And the selling price of hydrogen is estimated to be $6.95/GJ. The green house experimental results show that the samples added carbon-fertilizers have effectively growth increase of three different types of plants and improvement ability of keeping fertilizer in soil to avoid the fertilizer leaching with water.

Charcoal

Carbon fibers

10.2172/896971

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Voltage-Controlled Magnetoelectric Devices for Neuromorphic Diffusion Process

arXiv (Cornell University) (2024)

Cheng Yang Qingyuan Shu Albert Lee Haoran He Ivy Zhu

Stochastic diffusion processes are pervasive in nature, from the seemingly erratic Brownian motion to the complex interactions of synaptically-coupled spiking neurons. Recently, drawing inspiration from Langevin dynamics, neuromorphic diffusion models were proposed and have become one of the major breakthroughs in the field of generative artificial intelligence. Unlike discriminative models that have been well developed to tackle classification or regression tasks, diffusion models as well as other generative models such as ChatGPT aim at creating content based upon contexts learned. However, the more complex algorithms of these models result in high computational costs using today's technologies, creating a bottleneck in their efficiency, and impeding further development. Here, we develop a spintronic voltage-controlled magnetoelectric memory hardware for the neuromorphic diffusion process. The in-memory computing capability of our spintronic devices goes beyond current Von Neumann architecture, where memory and computing units are separated. Together with the non-volatility of magnetic memory, we can achieve high-speed and low-cost computing, which is desirable for the increasing scale of generative models in the current era. We experimentally demonstrate that the hardware-based true random diffusion process can be implemented for image generation and achieve comparable image quality to software-based training as measured by the Frechet inception distance (FID) score, achieving ~10^3 better energy-per-bit-per-area over traditional hardware.

Neuromorphic engineering

10.48550/arxiv.2407.12261

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Investigation on recrystallization of cryoprotectant solutions during warming under alternating electric fields

Applied Physics Letters (2024)

Qi An Z. Wang Gang Zhao

In the field of cryopreservation, recrystallization during rewarming is a significant factor leading to cryo-injury, causing ice crystal-induced mechanical injury to biological samples. Currently, methods, such as adding ice recrystallization inhibiting agents and increasing warming rates, have been adopted to reduce recrystallization injury. These methods also greatly increase the potential toxicity risk and engineering difficulty of cryopreservation. Accumulating research has progressively demonstrated that application of an electromagnetic field during cryopreservation can influence the preservation efficacy. However, the mechanism of action of the electric field has remained a subject of ongoing debate. We observed the recrystallization phenomenon of cryoprotectant solutions under a polarized light microscope and discovered promising experimental results. The electric field strength did not exhibit a discernible impact on the ice crystal size, while electric field frequency exerted a more significant impact. We found that at specific frequencies, the ice crystal size and growing rate were significantly affected during annealing. Compared to no electric field, an alternating electric field with a voltage of 10 V and a frequency of 5 × 104 Hz increased the recrystallization areas of a 15% (w/v) propylene glycol solution by 57%. And an alternating electric field with a voltage of 3 V and a frequency of 5 × 108 Hz decreased the recrystallization area of a 0.9% (w/v) NaCl aqueous solution by 9.9%. Different types of cryoprotectants exhibit varying responses to alternating electric fields frequency. These findings prompt us to reevaluate the role and mechanism of alternating electric fields in the cryopreservation of biological materials.

Recrystallization (geology)

Cryoprotectant

10.1063/5.0186237

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Phosphate phosphors with anti-thermal quenching properties for urban ecological lighting

Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy (2024)

Cheng Zhou Peng Dong Peixin Gao Z. Wang H. Ning

Color temperature

Quantum Efficiency

Ultraviolet

10.1016/j.saa.2024.124102

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Synergy of carbon capture, waste heat recovery and hydrogen production for industrial decarbonisation

Energy Conversion and Management (2024)

Z. Wang Zi Huang Yuhan Huang Charlotte Wittram Yuan Zhuang

Industry is the biggest sector of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, whose decarbonisation is essential to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Carbon capture, energy efficiency improvement and hydrogen are among the main strategies for industrial decarbonization. However, novel approaches are needed to address the key requirements and differences between sectors to ensure they can work together to well integrate industrial decarbonisation with heat, CO2 and hydrogen. The emerging Calcium Looping (CaL) is attracting interest in designing CO2-involved chemical processes for heat capture and storage. The reversibility, relatively high-temperature (600 to 900 °C) and high energy capacity output, as well as carbon capture function, make CaL well-fit for CO2 capture and utilisation and waste heat recovery from industrial flue gases. Meanwhile, methane dry reforming (MDR) is a promising technology to produce blue hydrogen via the consumption of two major greenhouse gases, i.e., CO2 and CH4. It has great potential to combine the two technologies to achieve in-situ CO2 utilization with multiple benefits. In this paper, progresses on the reaction conditions and performance of CaL for CO2 capture and industrial waste heat recovery, as well as MDR were screened. Secondly, recent approaches to CaL-MDR synergy have been reviewed to identify the advantages. The major challenges in such a synergistic process include MDR catalyst deactivation, CaL sorbents sintering and system integration. Thirdly, the paper outlooks future work to explore a rational design of a multi-function system for the proposed synergistic process.

Carbon fibers

10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118568

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ToolHop: A Query-Driven Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models in Multi-Hop Tool Use

arXiv (Cornell University) (2025)

Junjie Ye Zhengyin Du Xiaoli Yao Weijian Lin Yufei Xu

Effective evaluation of multi-hop tool use is critical for analyzing the understanding, reasoning, and function-calling capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, progress has been hindered by a lack of reliable evaluation datasets. To address this, we present ToolHop, a dataset comprising 995 user queries and 3,912 associated tools, specifically designed for rigorous evaluation of multi-hop tool use. ToolHop ensures diverse queries, meaningful interdependencies, locally executable tools, detailed feedback, and verifiable answers through a novel query-driven data construction approach that includes tool creation, document refinement, and code generation. We evaluate 14 LLMs across five model families (i.e., LLaMA3.1, Qwen2.5, Gemini1.5, Claude3.5, and GPT), uncovering significant challenges in handling multi-hop tool-use scenarios. The leading model, GPT-4o, achieves an accuracy of 49.04%, underscoring substantial room for improvement. Further analysis reveals variations in tool-use strategies for various families, offering actionable insights to guide the development of more effective approaches. Code and data can be found in https://huggingface.co/bytedance-research/ToolHop.

Benchmark (surveying)

RDF query language

10.48550/arxiv.2501.02506

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Polyol-mediated synthesis of single-crystal tellurium nanowires directly from polycrystalline powder

Applied Physics A (2004)

Xinyu Chen Z. Wang Xiong Wang Jiamin Wan Yitai Qian

Tellurium

Recrystallization (geology)

Vapor–liquid–solid method

Selected area diffraction

10.1007/s00339-004-3004-4

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Magnetic quenching of positronium studied by positron annihilation lifetime and Doppler broadening measurements

Radiation Physics and Chemistry (2020)

J.D. Liu Jie Guo Zhengmeng Hou Z. Wang Hongjun Zhang

Positronium

Annihilation

10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108712

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Design of a μSR spectrometer with ultrahigh arrays at China Spallation Neutron Source

Journal of Instrumentation (2022)

J. Dong Ziwen Pan T. Yang Zebin Lin Z. Wang

A new muon source has been proposed to conduct muon spin rotation/relaxation/resonance ($\mu$SR) measurements at China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). Only 1 Hz of the CSNS proton beams (25 Hz in total) will be allocated for muon production. To make better use of muons in every pulse, an ultrahigh-array $\mu$SR spectrometer (UHAM) with thousands of detector channels is under design. Due to such a high granularity of detectors, multiple counting events generated from particle scattering or spiral motions of positrons in a strong longitudinal field should be carefully considered in the design. Six different structures were modeled and simulated based on two types of angular orientations (parallel arrangement and pointing arrangement) and three kinds of spectrometer geometries (cylinder, cone and sphere). A quality factor, $Q$, was proposed to evaluate the performance of these structures by integrating their impacts on the overall asymmetry, the counting rate and the percentage of multiple counts. According to the simulation, the conical structure with detectors pointing to the sample has the highest $Q$ in both zero field and longitudinal field. The results also show that all kinds of structures cannot be operated under strong longitudinal fields with a strength over 2 T. The full simulation of a $\mu$SR spectrometer can provide good guidance for the construction of the UHAM in the upcoming upgrade of CSNS.

Spallation Neutron Source

10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/t11008

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Phonon-induced dephasing of chromium color centers in diamond

Physical Review B (2012)

Tina Müller Igor Aharonovich Z. Wang Xiaoyong Yuan Stefania Castelletto

We report on the coherence properties of single photons from chromium-based colour centres in diamond. We use field-correlation and spectral lineshape measurements to reveal the interplay between slow spectral wandering and fast dephasing mechanisms as a function of temperature. We show that the zero-phonon transition frequency and its linewidth follow a power-law dependence on temperature indicating that the dominant fast dephasing mechanisms for these centres are direct electron-phonon coupling and phonon-modulated Coulomb coupling to nearby impurities. Further, the observed reduction in the quantum yield for photon emission as a function of temperature is consistent with the opening of additional nonradiative channels through thermal activation to higher energy states predominantly and indicates a near-unity quantum efficiency at 4 K.

Dephasing

Laser linewidth

10.1103/physrevb.86.195210

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Citations (17)