To investigate prognostic values for squamous cell carcinoma, we measured nuclear area (NA), nuclear shape factor (NSF), DNA content and mean number of nucleolar organizer regions (NOR), using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 39 patients with superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. NA and DNA content were significantly higher in patients with lymph node metastasis than in those without metastasis. NA and the NOR number were also significantly higher in patients with recurrence than in those surviving for more than 3 years without recurrence. To determine the optimal combination of these parameters for prognostic assessment, we used a stepwise discriminant analysis to obtain two linear discriminant functions. One (f = 0.331 x NA + 6.64 x NSF + 9.85) gave an accuracy of 87.2% in predicting lymph node metastasis, and the other (f = -0.071 x NA - 2.34 x NOR + 13.0) yielded an overall accuracy of 88.9% in classifying patients into two groups with a better and worse prognosis. These results suggest that karyometric analysis and determination of the NOR number are useful for the prediction of disease outcome in patients with superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
Seventeen cases of renal small cell carcinoma have been reported in the literature. Approximately half of the reported cases show combined features of transitional cell carcinoma. Presented herein is a case of renal small cell carcinoma In a 37‐year‐old Japanese male who had been treated for 10 years with famotidine for duodenal ulcer. He suffered from sudden‐onset chest pain at presentation and myxoma of the right atrium was suspected. He was treated by atrlotomy and a tumor was removed from the right atrium and pulmonary artery. Histological examination, however, revealed It to be small cell carcinoma. Accordingly, a radical operation was performed for the removal of a tumor found in the right kidney. Histological examination of the tumor confirmed the presence of renal small cell carcinoma without any features of transitional cell carcinoma. It is reported that long‐term administration of an histamine 2 (H 2 ) receptor antagonist may produce carcinold tumors in rodents and enterochromaffin‐like cell hyperplasia In humans. The possible relationship between neuroendocrine carcinoma and H 2 receptor antagonist therapy is discussed.
Abstract [Purpose] Liposome is one of the useful drug carriers and it may be applying to a lot of diseases from now on. One of the most reasons which liposomes were using as medicine was improvement of circulation time in bloodstream by modifying polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-lipid. We synthesized novel PEG-lipid with two different PEG lengths of 2000 and 500 (different double arms-PEG; DDA-PEG) for developing more superior passive targeting liposome. In our previous study, doxorubicin (DOX) containing liposome which was modified DDA-PEG (DDA-PEG modified liposomal DOX; DDA-LDOX) had dual effect for primary and hepatic metastasis cancer. In this study, we observed tissue distribution at primary tumor using the near infrared fluorescence and analyzed hepatic metastasis by histological observation for explain this dual effect. Moreover, this effect for pulmonary metastasis was also evaluated. [Methods] Liposome (DSPC/cholesterol/DSPG-Na/DDA-PEG = 100:100:60:7.5 μmol) was prepared according to the method of Bangham. For observing tissue distribution of liposome at primary tumor model, liposome was contained indocyanine green (ICG) as fluorescence probe. This liposome was injected in tail vein and sequentially observed using fluorescent imaging device (Clairvivo OPT, SHIMADZU). In histological observation at hepatic metastasis murine model, M5076 ovarian sarcoma cells were inoculated in tail vein of mice. These mice were injected liposome at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg (i.v.) as DOX on 6, 9 and 12 d after tumor inoculation. At 14 d, this liver was removed and examined by microscope after HE stain. At assessment of pulmonary metastasis, B16F10 melanoma cells were implanted in tail vein and treated similarly to liver metastasis.[Results and discussion] In fluorescent imaging of primary tumor, DDA-PEG modified liposome assembled into tumor at 48 h after injection. This analysis supported our previous finding that DDA-LDOX significantly decreased tumor size. Furthermore, it was proved that DDA-PEG modified liposome or encapsulated drug remained in tumor site for a long time. In histological examination for hepatic metastasis, the tumor area in the liver was 5% by DDA-LDOX injection (normal group: 90%). More lymphocytes around tumor thrombus were positive for CD45. It was suggested that macrophage or lymphocytes, especially T cell, were concerned in this therapy. Pulmonary metastasis was depressed by DDA-LDOX compared with control or DOX containing PEG unmodified liposome group. In DDA-LDOX group, DOX concentration in lung was 2.6 times higher than that in PEG unmodified liposome group. It is known that metastasis is the most severe factor in cancer chemotherapy. Antitumor agent containing DDA-PEG modified liposome may have not only superior effect for primary tumor but also hepatic or pulmonary metastasis. Hence, it was suggested that DDA-PEG modified liposome was useful drug carrier for passive targeting. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1961. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1961
Nuclear deformity of hepatocytes was measured using two parameters, the form factor and the axial ratio, in liver biopsy specimens from 29 patients with acute viral hepatitis (AVH). Another 13 patients with chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) were added as control. Nuclear deformity of hepatocytes was morphometrically confirmed to increase in AVH compared to that in CPH. This was related to the regeneration of hepatocytes.
ABSTRACT Background Histologic studies of rectosigmoidal mucosal biopsies of infants with isolated blood‐streaked stool have shown many eosinophils and revealed aggregates of small dark granules (nuclear dust). However, no description of the nuclear dust has been made for this condition and the nature of the nuclear dust has not been thoroughly investigated. We determined the characteristics of these particles in biopsies from infants with streaked rectal bleeding. Methods Nineteen infants who were younger than 6 months old and had isolated rectal bleeding were studied, as were six age‐matched control infants. Rectosigmoidal mucosal biopsies were immunohistochemically assessed using anticarcinoembryonic antigen and macrophage‐associated antibodies and examined for apoptotic cells by modified in situ TdT‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick‐end labelling. The number of apoptotic epithelial cells was compared between rectal bleeding and control groups. Results Immunohistochemistry showed that at least some of the nuclear dust consisted of apoptotic epithelial cells. Infants with rectal bleeding also showed nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (n = 16), abundant eosinophils (>20/high power field, n = 14) in the mucosa, and a significantly high number of apoptotic epithelial cells relative to the control group. Rectal bleeding disappeared at 6‐month follow‐up in 14 of 18 infants (one was lost to follow‐up) who were fed a different milk formula or breast‐fed (their mothers were restricted from having cow's milk and eggs). Conclusions The high number of apoptotic epithelial cells in rectosigmoidal mucosal biopsies of infants with streaked rectal bleeding is probably caused by accelerated epithelial cell turnover and apoptosis.
During early development, the ventral spinal cord expresses chemorepulsive signals that act on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axons to help orient them toward the dorsolateral part of the spinal cord. However, the molecular nature of this chemorepulsion is mostly unknown. We report here that netrin-1 acts as an early ventral spinal cord-derived chemorepellent for DRG axons. In the developing mouse spinal cord, netrin-1 is expressed in the floor plate of the spinal cord, and the netrin receptor Unc5c is expressed in DRG neurons. We show that human embryonic kidney cell aggregates secreting netrin-1 repel DRG axons and that netrin-1 -deficient ventral spinal cord explants lose their repulsive influence on DRG axons. In embryonic day 10 netrin-1 mutant mice, we find that DRG axons exhibit transient misorientation. Furthermore, by means of gain-of-function analyses, we show that ectopic netrin-1 in the dorsal and intermediate spinal cord prevents DRG axons from being directed toward the dorsal spinal cord. Together, these findings suggest that netrin-1 contributes to the formation of the initial trajectories of developing DRG axons as a repulsive guidance cue.
