In this paper, the results of the first-stage research devoted to infrared thermographic detection of cracks in titanium alloys are presented. In application to the inspection of bottom-hole defects in 9.6 mm-thick Ti6Al4V titanium alloy samples, it has been found that a minimum detected defect should have diameter from one to two times greater than its depth. Images of phase are more noise-resistant and able to reveal deeper defects compared to images of amplitude. The test results obtained show that the Fourier analysis is a convenient data processing technique in active thermal NDT.
Introduction: Although metabolic problems after cardiac arrest (CA) have been postulated, the actual measurement of metabolic alterations after CA remain undescribed. The measurement of oxygen extraction (VCO2), carbon dioxide excretion (VCO2), and respiratory quotient (RQ), reflect the energy metabolism and may provide insight into the post-arrest metabolism. Objective: To investigate metabolism alterations after CA, which may be detected via changes in VCO2, VO2, and RQ. Secondarily to test whether it is affected by therapeutic temperature management (TTM) Methods: Sixteen male rats underwent a protocol for 10 minutes of asphyxial CA and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Three groups were compared: Group1: controls (no-CA, n=5), group2: CA (n=6), and group3: CA with TTM (n=5). Within the TTM group, the body was cooled to 33 °C. Capnography was recorded and O2 extraction was measured for 120min to measure VCO2 and VO2. RQ was the ratio of VCO2/VO2. Results: The post arrest VCO2 was 1.5 fold higher in the CA group than in the controls (17.3±2.2mL/kg/min versus 11.2±1.0mL/kg/min, p<.01) in minutes 20 through 60. The VCO2 value in CA was normalized after 60min. VCO2 (12.5±1.3 mL/kg/min, p<.01) in TTM-treated CA was significantly lower than untreated CA. The post arrest VO2 was greater in the CA group than in the controls, starting 15min after ROSC, and gradually increased to an extraction rate 2.1 fold higher (29.8±6.0mL/kg/min) than controls (14.1±1.6mL/kg/min, p<.01). There were no differences in VO2 between TTM-treated and untreated CA. RQs in TTM-treated and untreated CA were significantly and persistently lower than controls (0.5±0.1, 0.5±0.1 vs. 0.9±0.1, p<.01). Conclusions: VO2 in rats after CA was markedly elevated after ROSC and RQ decreased to extremely low levels. VCO2 showed some attenuation by TTM, however surprisingly TTM did not affect VO2 or RQ. These results suggest that profound alterations in oxygen extraction occur after CA and may be measured non-invasively in patients. The finding of a lowered RQ has not be described previously, appears to be driven by increased VO2, and may be due to non-CO2 generating oxygen utilization. If true, this may have great importance for mechanism, monitoring, and customized treatment of CA.
A smooth particle hydrodynamic (SPH)-based scratch model was proposed to study the influences of residual stress induced by the first cutting on subsequent scratch. In this paper, comparisons were made between the results of only scratching the specimen and those of subsequent scratching the specimen after cutting under different scratch depths. Chip formation, scratching forces and residual stress in scratching-induced subsurface were recorded on oxygen-free high-conductivity copper (OFHC) during the simulations. Simulation results indicated that the first cutting produced work hardening in the subsurface of the specimen and the increased hardness led to a thinner and more curled chip. Meanwhile, the minimum chip thickness also decreased because of residual stress induced by cutting. Moreover, it also resulted in high resistance during the subsequent scratch so that the scratched surface presented flat. However, the material on both the sides of the groove bulged in Scratch model. Therefore, scratch after cutting is beneficial to obtain scratched surface with high quality.
It is not yet clear whether hemofiltration can reduce blood cytokine levels sufficiently to benefit patients who suffer prolonged cardiac arrest (CA) treated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). We sought to assess effects of high-volume and standard volume continuous veno-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) on blood cytokine levels and survival in a rat model of prolonged CA treated with CPB.Sprague-Dawley male rats were subjected to 12 min of asphyxia to induce CA. CPB was initiated for resuscitation of animals and maintained for 30 min. Twenty-four rats were randomly assigned into three groups: without CVVH treatment (sham); standard volume CVVH at a filtration rate of 35-45 mL/kg/h; and high-volume hemofiltration (HVHF, 105-135 mL/kg/h). Hemofiltration was started simultaneously with CPB and maintained for 6 h. Plasma TNFα and IL-6 levels were measured at baseline, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 6 h after reperfusion. Survival time, neurological deficit score, and hemodynamic status were assessed.All animals survived over 6 h and died within 24 h. There were no significant differences in survival time (log-rank test, sham vs. CVVH; p = 0.49, sham vs. HVHF; p = 0.33) or neurological deficit scores (ANOVA, p = 0.14) between the groups. There were no significant differences in blood cytokine levels between the groups. Mean blood pressure in sham group animals increased to 1.5-fold higher than baseline levels at 30 min. HVHF significantly reduced blood pressure to 0.7-fold of sham group (p < 0.01).There was no improvement in mortality, neurological dysfunction, TNFα, or IL-6 levels in rats after prolonged CA with CPB on either hemofiltration group when compared to the sham group.
Objective: To forge top quality, lily white, spotless alumina for the sake of clinical requirement. Methods: Compare the forged alumina by low pressure, constant temperature dryness with by accustomed pressure dryness and traditional smithing dryness. Results: Forged alumina by low pressure, constant temperature dryness was spotless, uniformity, loosen, pure white like snow. There was a notable progress in creative efficiency, product's quality, lost water's percent compared with the other methods. Conclusion: The forging agreeable condition with low pressure, constant temperature dryness is that pressure keeps between 41 kPa and 50 kPa, temperature maintains between 130℃ and 180℃.
CBED and EELS are most common methods to determine the thickness of the TEM specimen. In this work, specimen thickness of He-ion irradiated Al is measured respectively by CBED and EELS under 200kV. The helium concentration and the atomic displacement damage level are 2000appm and 0.2dpa, respectively. The CBED results show that the measurements of extinction distance match the calculations of effective extinction distance considering the deviation vector of the crystal. Moreover, it is proven by modeling analysis that He-ion irradiation does not affect the thickness measurements of extinction distance. Compared with CBED, the specimen thickness, measured by EELS, is larger, and may be attributed to the decrease of the zero-loss peak due to a part of elastic scattering electronsloss and the larger inelastic scattering mean free path selected. The EELS measurement error is less than 20%,consistent with the accuracy (about 20%) byK. Iakoubovskiiet al.
Abstract
The WEANing PROtocol (WEANPRO) knowledge-based system assists respiratory therapists and nurses in weaning post-operative cardiovascular patients from mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit. The knowledge contained in WEANPRO is represented by rules and is implemented in M.1® by Teknowledge, Inc. WEANPRO will run on any IBM® compatible microcomputer.
WEANPRO's performance in weaning patients in the intensive care unit was evaluated three ways: (1) a statistical comparison between the mean number of arterial blood gases required to wean patients to a T-piece with and without the use of WEANPRO, (2) a critique of the suggestions offered by the system by clinicians not involved in the system development, and (3) an inspection of the user's acceptance of WEANPRO in the intensive care unit. The results of the evaluations revealed that using WEANPRO significantly decreases the number of arterial blood gas analyses needed to wean patients from total dependance on mechanical ventilation to independent breathing using a T-piece. In doing so, WEANPRO's suggestions are accurate and its use is accepted by the clinicians. Currently, WEANPRO is being used in the intensive care unit at the East Unit of Baptist Memorial Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee.
Abstract Synthetic receptor signalling has the potential to endow adoptively transferred T cells with new functions that overcome major barriers in the treatment of solid tumours, including the need for conditioning chemotherapy 1,2 . Here we designed chimeric receptors that have an orthogonal IL-2 receptor extracellular domain (ECD) fused with the intracellular domain (ICD) of receptors for common γ-chain (γ c ) cytokines IL-4, IL-7, IL-9 and IL-21 such that the orthogonal IL-2 cytokine elicits the corresponding γ c cytokine signal. Of these, T cells that signal through the chimeric orthogonal IL-2Rβ-ECD–IL-9R-ICD (o9R) are distinguished by the concomitant activation of STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5 and assume characteristics of stem cell memory and effector T cells. Compared to o2R T cells, o9R T cells have superior anti-tumour efficacy in two recalcitrant syngeneic mouse solid tumour models of melanoma and pancreatic cancer and are effective even in the absence of conditioning lymphodepletion. Therefore, by repurposing IL-9R signalling using a chimeric orthogonal cytokine receptor, T cells gain new functions, and this results in improved anti-tumour activity for hard-to-treat solid tumours.
Active thermal NDT is a promising technique for the detection of structural defects in solids. In this paper, the results of the first-stage research devoted to infrared thermographic detection of cracks in titanium alloys are presented. The test results obtained show that the Fourier analysis is a convenient data processing technique in active thermal NDT. Images of phase are more noise-resistant and able to reveal deeper defects compared to images of amplitude. In application to the inspection of bottom-hole defects in 9.6 mm-thick Ti6Al4V titanium alloy samples, it has been found that a minimum detected defect should have diameter from one to two times greater than its depth.
