In this study, we classified 16 kinds of arrows which are frequently found at the station as "straight arrows" and "polygonal arrows". Then we conducted a fundamental experiment using arrows as the sole experiment elements of the space. In this experiment, subjects made a direction judgment and wrote a progress route intuitively. In this way, we investigated the factors of causes that made people get lost at the station. The results we got from the experiment are summarized below.
The main objective of this study is to investigate the factors which affect the roadside signboard cognition during driving. As for the experimental subject to this research, 10 kinds of signboards of suburban roadside shops were studied. The three visible distance of signboards in driving simulator were measured; detectable distance, confirmable distance and legible distance. Also, solid angle and visible angle were analyzed. The effect of color, size, placement of signboard and the difference of luminosity between signboard and its background were shown. The difference of luminosity can be considered when signboard is detected, confirmed and distinguished. Also, wide board placed closer to the road is effective at confirming.
This is a study on identifying three indicators to evaluate the following senses of physical oppression and of openness in urban spaces—configuration factors, solid angles, and space quantity. These senses of physical oppression and openness were evaluated by residents and students of architecture for nine designated streets and were evaluated by residents for the streets fronting their homes in the Sangenjaya area of Tokyo's Setagaya ward. The results show that first, there is some variation in evaluating the two senses of physical oppression and openness between the two evaluated groups of residents and students of architecture; however, the results of the correlations show value in the indicators used for both residents and students of architecture. Second, these three indicators show high correlations for the nine designated streets but show weak correlations for the streets fronting residents' homes due to residents' subjective impressions. Therefore, these three indicators are valid for evaluating those senses of physical oppression and openness when objectively considering the senses of physical oppression and of openness.
The residents' evaluations of their city as a whole and those of individual city elements in their neighborhood are formed over a long period of time. Figuring out the relation between how cities are evaluated as a whole and how city elements are pointed out on maps helps us understand the mental structure in terms of resident's neighborhood environment evaluation. However, the relations between residents' mental cognitions have not been studied in terms of city elements. Therefore, this study is aimed to acquire the knowledge that can be helpful in urban planning. We conducted a questionnaire survey using SD method and map pointing method for residents living in three sites of Tokyo metropolitan area from September to December in 2002. We received 601 responses including 514 answers to the question using the map pointing method. As a result, three patterns were found on the relation between the number of city elements pointed out on maps and the percentage of the residents who answered the question using the map pointing method. We also figured out the correspondence of neighborhood environment evaluations and city elements.
The purpose of this study is to compare the perception of the brightness of light in sitting posture against reclining posture through an experiment. Three factors were controlled in the experiment : the position of light source; the luminance of the source; and the subject's gazing condition in reference to the source. The subjects were allowed to adjust the brightness of the compared light source with the brightness of the standard light source. Then, the ratio of brightness between the compared and the standard source was analyzed at each posture. The followings results were obtained : 1) The relative position in visual field which is most sensitive to brightness changes along with posture. 2) The difference among the ratio of three luminance levels is larger in sitting posture than reclining posture. 3) Peripheral visual field is perceived as being more brightly than the central visual regardless of position, luminance of light sources and subject's posture.
Along with the development of lighting engineering during the high-growth period of the Japanese economy, the idea of "the brighter, the better" has become the paradigm. Darkness has been an essential part of Japanese architecture, to reveal its soft lighting distribution and to show expressions of texture being used. Several studies on darkness have been carried out to show the evaluation items, and shown that pleasant darkness depends on behaviors and lighting methods. Yet, these studies do not clarify the quantitative lighting environment range of pleasant darkness. Therefore, this research aims to show the pleasant darkness range depending on the lighting method and behavior of the room. Most standards use illuminance; yet, most designers agree that illuminance is not enough for designing, and researchers point out that luminance is more related to brightness of space. Therefore, within this research, lighting environment is defined not only by illuminance levels, but also with luminance distributions and several indices derived from them. The preliminary survey was conducted to define the target usage for the experiment. From the result of brain storming of "dark space", and pleasantness evaluation of it, a restaurant was set to be the target of this experiment. As a result of further literature survey of architectural magazines, three most popular lighting methods were selected to be the experimental setting. 1. Using spot light to lighten the table top, 2. uniformal light with down light and 3. spot light for table and indirect light for lightening walls. The first experiment was undertaken to select the most suitable experimental method and to verify the range of darkness. Experimental apparatuses were set as follows: square room with the white interior, a square table with food models, one spot light lightening the table top, and each participant eating with a mannequin as an accompanying person. 20 subjects were asked about the lighting environment using the adjustment method and the constant method. As a result, the existence of pleasant and dark lighting environments was shown using both experimental methods. The pleasant darkness range derived from constant method were between 120 to 151 lx and that of adjustment method were between 133 to 159 lx. For shortening experimental time and getting the precise threshold value, the experimental method of the second experiment was set to be the adjustment method. The second experimental was performed to see the relationship between the pleasant darkness and the lighting method and assumed behaviors. Three lighting methods and four behaviors (eating, drinking, chatting and relaxing) were set, and 20 subjects were asked to adjust until they reached the threshold value of darkness with ascending and descending series. The same procedure was taken for the pleasantness value. Using the logistic analysis, the pleasant darkness range were derived. ANOVA showed that the darkness threshold value and the pleasantness threshold value differed, and that these results were valid. The average luminance range was 5 ~ 17 cd/m2. According to the main visual target, the most-fit lighting environmental index differs. Experimental values were compared with the standards. The experimental results shows that subjects felt pleasant even if the average illuminance level is lower than the standard level. On the other hand, AIJES suggests the usage of average luminance of the interior surfaces. The experimental results showed that pleasant luminance level differs by the lighting method being used. Further investigations using different interior materials and different levels of brightness is needed.
A sign is a means of conveying information such as directions to destinations, usage information and advertisements for products and services, in a space where many people gather.
Effects of habituation to repeating presentation of noise stimuli on auditory evoked potentials that reflect auditory information processing in the brain are analyzed. They are investigated under two hearing conditions (listening and task-imposed) using four intensities (33, 40, 50, and 70 dBA) of pink noise as noise stimuli. Results of analysis suggest that habituation to auditory stimuli of 50 dBA and above occurs under listening condition. However, 70 dBA stimuli only lead to habituation under task-imposed condition. It is supposed that a person who is at his task perceives auditory information weaklier than when he is listening to it.
Many research has been done on noticeability of signboards in the field of visual environment and advertisement. Most of them results in image analysis of a vision from a particular point, and does not incorporate the influence of migratory within the building. This study focused on the predictability of signboard noticeability by using analogy with illuminance calculation. Similar to the previous research, hypothesis was set that visual information acquisition can be calculated using illuminance calculation. Unlike the previous research, analogy was set as following; view point as light source and signboard as light receiving surface. Light source that modeled eyesight attribution was incorporated under 3D lighting simulation of the experimental condition. To test the hypothesis and to derive the threshold value to notice, two experiments were conducted to verify the hypothesis.
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