Abstract
The oxidation of maleic, fumaric, crotonic and cinnamic acids by diethylammonium chlorochromate (DEACC) in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) leads to the formation of corresponding epoxide. The reaction is of first order with respect to DEACC and the acid. Due to non-aqueous nature of the solvents toluene-p-sulphonic acid (TsOH) was used the source of hydrogen ions. The reaction is catalysed by hydrogen ions. The hydrogen-ion dependence has the form: kobs = a + b [H+]. The oxidation of these acids was studied in nineteen different organic solvents. The solvent effect was analyzed by Kamlet’s and Swain’s multiparametric equations. Solvent effect indicated the importance of the cation-solvating power of the solvent. A mechanism involving a three-centre transition state has been postulated.
Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative and progressive disorder that results in damage to memory and alters thinking and behavior, which represent critical problems the world’s aging population is faced with. Clinical symptoms of AD include cognitive decline, loss of memory, emotional and behavioral changes, loss of motor coordination, and mental impairments. Yet, neither a universally accepted diagnosis with respect to its pathogenesis nor an ideal therapy is available for the management of AD. The existing drugs cause many complications and adverse effects. Herbal drugs, supported by an abundance of traditional knowledge, may fulfill the need as they can target the pathogenesis of AD at various destinations, both at the cellular and molecular levels. In recent years, herbal drugs and formulations have been evaluated in preclinical setups, especially involving rat and mouse models of AD, which have shown their memoryenhancing, neuroprotective, and antioxidant activities. Several herbal drugs and phytochemicals have been evaluated for their effectiveness as antioxidative agents to prevent the occurrence of oxidative stress and ROS formation during AD pathogenesis and exhibit antiapoptotic properties by downregulating caspase-3, DNA fragmentation, NF-κB, interleukin-1 β (IL1β), and TNF levels. In this paper, we have primarily reviewed herbal remedies that have been recently evaluated as alternative treatments for AD in a preclinical setup, and discussed the role of herbal medicines in the management of AD and advances in their knowledge.
Fertilizers have been a part of agriculture for many centuries to aid farmers. However, conventional fertilizers are costly and hazardous to people and the world. As a result, ecologically friendly fertilizers with greater nutritional values and adaptability to soil and environment are required to support human beings. Nutrient regulation is constantly the main consideration to optimize agriculture yield. The effective utilization of nutrients is critical to producing nutritious crops, a significant worldwide issue due to its dependence on agrochemicals. An innovative fertilizer strategy is needed to strengthen agronomic system production, while environmentally beneficial fertilizers are required more than synthetic fertilizers. Nanotechnology is becoming an attractive potential substitute for nanofertilizers to improve the quality of fertilizers. Nanofertilizers comprise nanoformulations of nutrient content supplied to crops, allowing for persistent and uniform absorption. Earlier studies indicate that nanofertilizers boost crop productivity by intensifying nutrient utilization, minimizing soil poisoning, reducing the potential negative effects of excessive synthetic fertilizers, and increasing their application rate. Furthermore, applying nanofertilizers reduces waste, economizing, preserving, and protecting the ecosystem. Therefore, nanofertilizers and beneficial microorganisms (nanobiofertilizers) have established a key application in sustainable farming. However, even though nanofertilizers have many benefits, their impacts before and after usage should always be closely reviewed and considered to maximize their benefits. This chapter will summarize the most significant innovations in the nanomaterials' formulation used as nanofertilizers to study their categories, mechanisms of the appliance, and future effects on plants. In addition, scientific investigations should focus on the ecological risks of nanofertilizers. Also, it should emphasize green production, biosynthesized nanofertilizers, and their safety, biodistribution, and threats to ensure their use in sustainable farming conditions.
1,2,4-Triazine nucleus is a prominent structural core system present in numerous pharmacologically active compounds. Till date, various 1,2,4-triazine analogs, possesing a wide range of potent pharmacological activities, have been reported. This review is an attempt to compile the medicinal chemistry aspects of various synthesized 1,2,4-triazine analogs reported so far. Keywords: Anticancer activity, anticonvulsant activity, antimicrobial activity, 1, 2, 4-triazine.
1,2,3-Triazine is an interesting class of heterocyclic compounds. Various synthetic analogs of 1,2,3-triazine have been prepared and evaluated for many pharmacological activities in different models with desired findings. Some analogs have shown potent pharmacological activity and may be considered as lead molecule for the development of future drugs. This review is an attempt to organize the chemical and pharmacological aspects of 1,2,3-triazine analogs reported till date systematically since 1970.
Aquatic environment is one of the important sources of active agents that own diverse biological properties. Metabolites from these sources are considered as alternate source to meet the mandate for effective medicines. Despite notable developments in cancer managing and/or treatment in the past years, there remains a vital requirement for innovative agents and/or innovating approaches to treat resistant and solid tumours. However, in the recent era there are new technological innovations in the elucidation of the structures, the semi-synthetic and synthetic approaches of the new antineoplastic compounds. Biological assays enable isolation and clinical evaluation of numerous scaffolds from the marine environment. This review gives a general summary of some anti-cancer agents with a brief description of their mechanisms of action. It sheds a view to the approved drugs, the potent scaffolds that newly modulated as antibody-drug conjugates, and the drug-candidates under clinical phases (I-III) with their status.
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