In cyberspace, copyright enforcement and privacy rights have become two clashing realities. In fact, with the arrival of digital technology, especially the Internet, right holders, facing massive online infringements to their reproduction or distribution exclusive rights, mainly by file-sharers on Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems or Cloud storage systems clients, started developing more and more intrusive new enforcement strategies in electronic communications as a means to identify the infringers and the committed infractions. The goal of the chapter is to study how the boundaries between what is public or private become fainter, whether the use of tracking software is consistent with personal data protection legislation, and whether it is possible to reconcile these two human rights, proposing a reflection on a possible extension of the use of levies in order to compensate right holders for private copies originating from unlawful sources.
In the present chapter, the author briefly studies the particular tension between the current copyright paradigm, based on the dichotomy active creator – passive consumer, and the control over creative transformative usages of digital works in the field of computer games, such as mods or add-ons, and exposes some reactions that go from voluntary licensing schemes, such as copyleft licenses, to compulsory licenses.
Currently there is no agreement regarding which one is the most adequate anesthetic technique for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity. Peribulbar block may reduce the incidence of oculocardiac reflex and postoperative apnea. The goal of this study was to report the outcomes of peribulbar block, when combined with general anesthesia, for the laser treatment for retinopathy of prematurity, in premature babies. A retrospective analysis of anesthetic records of all babies who underwent laser treatment for retinopathy of prematurity from January 2008 through December 2015 in a tertiary hospital was performed. During that period a total of six babies was submitted to laser treatment for retinopathy of prematurity, all under peribulbar block combined with general anesthesia. A single infratemporal injection of 0.15 mL.kg−1 per eye ropivacaine 1% or 0.75% was performed. At the end of the procedure, all babies resumed spontaneous ventilation. No perioperative complications were reported. Peribulbar block was a safe anesthetic technique in our sample considered. Até o momento não há um consenso sobre a técnica anestésica mais adequada para o tratamento de retinopatia da prematuridade. O bloqueio peribulbar pode reduzir a incidência de reflexo oculocardíaco e apneia no pós-operatório. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar os resultados do bloqueio peribulbar, quando combinado com anestesia geral, para o tratamento a laser de retinopatia da prematuridade em bebês prematuros. Uma análise retrospectiva dos registros anestésicos de todos os bebês submetidos ao tratamento a laser para retinopatia da prematuridade de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2015 foi realizada em um hospital terciário. Durante esse período, seis bebês foram submetidos ao tratamento a laser para retinopatia da prematuridade, todos sob bloqueio peribulbar combinado com anestesia geral. Uma injeção infratemporal única de ropivacaína a 1% ou 0,75% (0,15 mL.kg−1) foi administrada por olho. No final do procedimento, todos os bebês retomaram a ventilação espontânea. Não foram relatadas complicações perioperatórias. O bloqueio peribulbar foi uma técnica anestésica segura em nossa amostra considerada.
Objectives: Pediatric preoperative anxiety (PPOA) has been a concerning matter for the past decades with a high prevalence and several adverse outcomes branching into social, developmental, behavioral and perioperative fields. The management of anxious children is a priority for minimizing PPOA of the upmost importance. The aim of the study was to assess the levels of preoperative anxiety and their relation to a group of selected variables in a pediatric population being submitted to ambulatory surgery under general anesthesia.
Methods: Children’s anxiety was assessed using the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale-Short Version at the preoperative holding area (Time 1) and at the operation room during induction of anesthesia (Time 2). A cutoff value of 30 was used to differentiate anxious children from non-anxious children (scores ≤ 30). Results: 67 children were included in the study. 9 (13.4%) were anxious children at T1 and 24 (35.8%) at T2. A gender difference was not present (p=0.634 for T1, p=0.303 for T2), but the boys presented higher scores at both times and tend to have a significant increase from T1 to T2 (p=0.049). An overall change in the anxiety status from T1 to T2 does not tend to occur (p=0.01). Younger children tend to have higher scores although not statistically significant. No statistical significant difference was found between the remaining variables.
Conclusions: The prevalence of anxious children presented is lower than the estimated worldwide and reveals both the result of correct practices and best use of resources. However, the scarcity of national studies exploring this topic renders an indication to implement similar future studies, with larger samples and further studying of the potential predisposing and contributing variables. The never-ending purpose should be to institute more customized programs for minimizing PPOA by means of multimodal combinations of anxiolytic practices.
Digital technology produced a move from a performative model to a player-as producer paradigm since it has potentiated user-generated transformative uses of intellectual works. In fact, sharing, sampling, remixing and creating new derivative content through digital network collaboration platforms are today pillars of the so-called “age of remix”. However, when unauthorized, such activities may constitute copyright infringement since the making available right and the right to make new derivative works are exclusive rights granted by copyright law. A restrictive exercise of exclusive rights may hinder the implementation of online platforms envisioned to facilitate access to knowledge and to potentiate the creation of new works. The present chapter analyzes the creation the importance of online communities of practice using free/open source software licenses like GNU GPL or Creative Commons Licenses as agents of an alternative and less rigid exercise of the powers granted by copyright law in favor of a freer system of creation and dissemination of creative works in the digital world.
Literature is scarce regarding anesthetic management for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Retrospective analysis report that peribulbar block (PB) combined with general anesthesia (GA) seems safe in preterm infants.
Methods
We report a case of a preterm infant submitted to bilateral PB for surgical treatment of ROP.
Results
2.8 kg, 41 weeks correct age male preterm infant was scheduled for elective vitreoretinal surgery due to stage IV ROP. In preoperative assessment no supplement oxygen was needed and he presented anemia and gastroesophageal reflux. Monitorization included continuous electrocardiogram, two pulse oximeters, noninvasive arterial pressure, end tidal carbon dioxide, temperature and glycemia. GA and tracheal intubation were performed and bilateral PB was executed with single infratemporal injection 0.25 ml/kg/eye ropivacaine 0.375% with 30G needle (0.7 mL local anesthetic/eye). Maximum allowed concentration was considered (3 mg/kg). Intraoperative course lasted 290 minutes and was uneventful, without further opioid requirements. Dexamethasone and paracetamol were administered. Neuromuscular blockage was reversed and infant successfully extubated and transferred to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for 24 hours, following local protocol. No complications were reported or rescue analgesics were required.
Conclusions
Premature infants present a challenge as they are more prone to perioperative cardiorespiratory complications. PB has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing incidence of oculocardiac reflex, surgical bleeding, postoperative apnea and pain. GA complemented with bilateral PB achieved stable hemodynamics without additional opioid throughout surgery, indicating an acceptable quality of analgesia. Moreover, risk of postoperative apnea was reduced, as baby presented < 60 weeks correct age and anemia, two known risk factors in preterm infants.
In cyberworld, intellectual property rights and the right to informational self determination have become two realities in tension. Nevertheless, they are two main concerns of the e-commerce stakeholders. From the industry point of view, new digital technologies, left unregulated, may allow a free flow of information and unauthorized access to contents both from consumers or competitors; from the consumers’ perspective, security and privacy concerns are the major barriers to contracting on-line. The goal of the present chapter is to understand the relationship between anti-piracy oriented private electronic surveillance and consumers’ privacy. If, on the one hand, the enforcement of intellectual property is a laudable activity – since the recognition of economic exclusive rights is an incentive to artistic or scientific creation and the protection of the investments is an ICT industry’s legitimate interest –, on the other hand, the individual’s privacy sphere is one of the most important values and personal freedoms that law, including intellectual property law, must preserve.
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