Catheter associated urinary tract infections by P. aeruginosa are related to variety of complications. Quorum sensing and related circuitry guard its virulence potential. Though P. aeruginosa accounts for an appreciable amount of virulence factors, this organism is highly unstable phenotypically. Thus, genotyping of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa is of utmost importance for understanding the epidemiology of infection. This may contribute towards development of immunotherapeutic approaches against this multi drug resistant pathogen. Moreover, no epidemiological study has been reported yet on uroisolates of P. aeruginosa. Thus this study was planned to obtain information regarding presence, distribution and rate of occurrence of quorum sensing and some associated virulence genes at genetic level. The profiling of quorum sensing genes lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR and virulence genes like toxA, aprA, rhlAB, plcH, lasB and fliC of twelve strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from patients with UTIs was done by direct PCR. The results showed variable distribution of quorum sensing genes and virulence genes. Their percentage occurrence may be specifically associated with different levels of intrinsic virulence and pathogenicity in urinary tract. Such information can help in identifying these virulence genes as useful diagnostic markers for clinical P. aeruginosa strains isolated from UTIs.
Rhizosphere, a microecological zone, greatly influence global scale processes. A range of microbial interactions occur in the rhizosphere, from beneficial symbiotic relationships to detrimental pathogenic interactions. In addition, plants also play an important role in the community diversity of rhizosphere microorganisms. Bacteria in sufficiently dense populations perform many ecologically relevant behaviors that less concentrated cells do not, including biofilm formation, extracellular enzyme production, exopolysaccharide production, and expression of virulence traits. Bacterial quorum sensing (QS) is a form of cell-density-dependent population behavior, in which the production, detection, and response to specific small molecules called acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) regulate gene expression. QS in soil pseudomonads is regulated by transcriptional activator, LasR/RhlR, and autoinducer synthase, LasI/RhlI. QS in rhizobium operates by a series of AHL synthase genes with closely linked regulator genes (cinI/R, raiI/R, rhiI/R, traI/R). In rhizosphere, cells exist in multicellular assemblies of single or mixed-species biofilms as an adaptation from the fluctuating conditions. QS regulates the formation of biofilm in rhizosphere where this intracellular communication works by the collective expression of genes after bacterial populations reach a certain threshold level. Rhizospheric biofilms can be both beneficial and pathogenic. The natural QS-driven beneficial biofilms that occur in rhizosphere suppress the plant pathogens and can be used as biocontrol agents, an alternative to chemicals. Thus, the exploration of socio-microbiology of rhizosphere can provide better understanding of microbial ecology, which may help in meeting the ever-increasing global crop demands.
Ambedkar was well known as social scientist and became a philosopher and a statesman by practice and vocation. He is known for his social, religious and political thoughts with special reference to its impact on under-privileged class. Bhimrao Ambedkar was a political leader. He had an eventful and active life.
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